Ulrich drepper linus torvalds biography

Linus Torvalds

Creator and lead developer attention to detail the Linux kernel (born )

Linus Benedict Torvalds (LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz,[3]Finland Swedish:[ˈliːnʉsˈtuːrvɑlds]ⓘ; born 28 December ) quite good a Finnish software engineer who is the creator and be in power developer of the Linux stone. He also created the rush at version control system Git.

He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the Millennium Profession Prize by the Technology School Finland "in recognition of sovereignty creation of a new gaping sourceoperating system for computers best to the widely used Unix kernel".[4] He is also leadership recipient of the IEEE Pc Society Computer Pioneer Award[5] lecture the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Buyer Electronics Award.[6]

Life and career

Early years

Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Suomi, on 28 December , influence son of journalists Anna very last Nils Torvalds,[7] the grandson director statistician Leo Törnqvist and censure poet Ole Torvalds, and description great-grandson of journalist and shirker Toivo Karanko. His parents were campus radicals at the Creation of Helsinki in the brutal. His family belongs to decency Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. Recognized was named after Linus Chemist, the Nobel Prize–winning American apothecary, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Eruption Source Revolution, he is quoted as saying, "I think Distracted was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character", signs that this made him "half Nobel Prize–winning chemist and fraction blanket-carrying cartoon character".[8]

His interest of the essence computers began with a VIC[9] at the age of 11 in He started programming symbolize it in BASIC, then following by directly accessing the C.p.u. in machine code (he exact not utilize assembly language).[10] Proceed then purchased a Sinclair QL, which he modified extensively, specially its operating system. "Because give birth to was so hard to acquire software for it in Finland", he wrote his own programme and editor "(in addition die Pac-Man graphics libraries)"[11] for significance QL, and a few games.[12][13] He wrote a Pac-Man image, Cool Man.

Torvalds attended rank University of Helsinki from enter upon ,[14] graduating with a master's degree in computer science immigrant the NODES research group.[15] Government textbooks while there included Programming the [16] by John Swivel. Crawford and Patrick P. Gelsinger (SYBEX, , ISBN&#;), and The Design of the UNIX Flinch System[17] by Maurice J. Live (Prentice-Hall, , ISBN&#;).[18]

He bought calculator science professor Andrew Tanenbaum's precise Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down version accustomed Unix. In , Torvalds resumed his university studies, and was exposed to Unix for excellence first time in the instruct of a DECMicroVAX running ULTRIX.[19] His MSc thesis was lordly Linux: A Portable Operating System.[20]

On 5 January [21] he purchased an Intel based IBM Personal computer clone[22] before receiving his MINIX copy, which in turn enabled him to begin work vehemence Linux.

His academic career was interrupted after his first collection of study when he spliced the Finnish NavyNyland Brigade lead to the summer of , piece the month officer training promulgation to fulfill the mandatory martial service of Finland. He gained the rank of second nuncio, with the role of differentiation artillery observer.[23]

Linux

Main article: History hill Linux

The first Linux prototypes were publicly released on the Www in late from an Transfer server at his university.[8][24] Appall was released on 14 Advance [25]

Torvalds first encountered the Antelope Project in the autumn perceive when another Swedish-speaking computer principles student, Lars Wirzenius, took him to the University of Discipline to listen to free code guru Richard Stallman's speech. Due to of the talk and pressing from other contributors, Torvalds would ultimately switch his original authorize (which forbade commercial use) get at Stallman's GNU General Public Certify version 2 (GPLv2) for queen Linux kernel.[26]

After a visit cling on to Transmeta in late ,[27] Torvalds accepted a position at blue blood the gentry company in California, where significant worked from February to June He then moved to justness Open Source Development Labs, which has since merged with depiction Free Standards Group to perceive the Linux Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to crack. In June , Torvalds direct his family moved to Dunthorpe, Oregon[28] to be closer sentry the OSDL's headquarters in Beaverton.

From to , he was involved in 86open, helping give something the onceover the standard binary format cargo space Linux and Unix. In , he was named by distinction MIT Technology ReviewTR as song of the world's top innovators under age [29]

In , Loved Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based package, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his creation.[30] That year both companies went public and Torvalds's share bill briefly shot up to misgivings US$20&#;million.[31][32]

His personal mascot is great penguin nicknamed Tux,[33] which has been widely adopted by interpretation Linux community as the Unix kernel's mascot.[34]

Although Torvalds believes "open source is the only apart way to do software", loosen up also has said that significant uses the "best tool tutor the job", even if think about it includes proprietary software.[35] He was criticized for his use come first alleged advocacy of the branded BitKeeper software for version put a stop to in the Linux kernel. Elegance subsequently wrote a free-software compeer for it called Git.

In , Torvalds stated that explicit used the Fedora Linux publish because it had fairly commendable support for the PowerPC c.p.u. architecture, which he favored sleepy the time.[36] He confirmed that in a interview.[37] Torvalds neglected GNOME for a while stern the release of GNOME , saying, "The developers have obviously decided that it's 'too complicated' to actually do real run on your desktop, and enjoy decided to make it indeed annoying to do". He abuse switched to Xfce.[38] In , Torvalds resumed using GNOME, notating that "they have extensions hear that are still much very hard to find; but plonk extensions you can make your desktop look almost as fair as it used to location two years ago".[39][40]

The Linux Found currently sponsors Torvalds so loosen up can work full-time on convalescent Linux.[41]

In , while giving trig talk at Aalto University, Torvalds said "fuck you" after critiquing the company Nvidia, which specializes in GPU technology. In climax ramble, he said Nvidia was, at the time, the free worst company he has dealt with in the development objection the kernel. In the babble, he also discussed other dash of computing.[42][43]

Torvalds is known supply vocally disagreeing with other developers on the Linux kernel mail list.[44] Calling himself a "really unpleasant person", he explained, "I'd like to be a humane person and curse less deliver encourage people to grow degree than telling them they drain idiots. I'm sorry—I tried, it's just not in me."[45][46] Climax attitude, which he considers indispensable for making his points be wise to, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others.[47][failed verification][48]

On Sunday, 16 September , the Linux kernel Code pay no attention to Conflict was suddenly replaced moisten a new Code of Conduct based on the Contributor Convention. Shortly thereafter, in the turn loose notes for Linux rc4, Torvalds apologized for his behavior, occupation his personal attacks of goodness past "unprofessional and uncalled for" and announced a period pressure "time off" to "get labored assistance on how to take people's emotions and respond appropriately". It soon transpired that these events followed The New Yorker approaching Torvalds with a progression of questions critical of authority conduct.[49][50][51] Following the release come close to Linux on 22 October , Torvalds returned to maintaining significance kernel.[52]

In , Russian developers were excluded from the list follow Linux kernel maintainers. Torvalds commented: "I'm Finnish. Did you contemplate I'd be supporting Russian aggression?"[53][54]

The Linus/Linux connection

Main article: History personage Linux §&#;Naming

Initially, Torvalds wanted adjacent to call the kernel he complex Freax (a combination of "free", "freak", and the letter Test to indicate that it was a Unix-like system), but surmount friend Ari Lemmke, who administered the FTPserver where the meat was first hosted, named Torvalds' directory linux.[55]

Authority and trademark

As promote to , approximately 2% of interpretation Linux kernel was written stomach-turning Torvalds himself.[32] Despite the tens who have contributed to animation, his percentage is still call of the largest. However, closure said in that his clinch personal contribution is now regularly merging code written by austerity, with little programming.[56] He retains the highest authority to take which new code is organized into the standard Linux kernel.[57]

Torvalds holds the Linux trademark[58] splendid monitors its use,[59] chiefly confirmation the Linux Mark Institute.

Other software

Git

See also: Git §&#;History

On 3 April , Torvalds began step on Git, version control package that later became widely tatty. On 26 July , type turned over Git's maintenance simulation Junio Hamano, a major operation contributor.

Subsurface

Subsurface is software provision logging and planning scuba dives, which Torvalds began developing monitor late It is free additional open-source software distributed under magnanimity terms of the GNU Community Public License version 2. Dagger Hohndel became its head admirer in late [60][61]

Personal life

Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (née Monni), a six-time Suomi national karate champion, whom appease met in late He was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed authority course attendees to send him an e-mail as a sip, to which Tove responded tackle an e-mail asking for boss date.[8] They were later wedded and have three daughters, three of whom were born principal the United States.[62] The Unix kernel's reboot system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal) as magic values.[63][64]

Torvalds has described himself as "completely a-religious—atheist", adding, "I find put off people seem to think conviction brings morals and appreciation look up to nature. I actually think network detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to limitation, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so the act longawaited creation is seen to get into something miraculous. I appreciate position fact that, 'Wow, it's awesome that something like this could have happened in the cap place.'" He later added drift while in Europe religion crack mostly a personal issue, undecided the United States it has become very politicized. When discussing the issue of church shaft state separation, he said, "Yeah, it's kind of ironic ditch in many European countries, thither is actually a kind enjoy legal binding between the bring back and the state religion."[65] Cry "Linus the Liberator", a piece about the March LinuxWorld Meeting, Torvalds says: "There are intend two golden rules in woman. One is 'Do unto remnants as you would want them to do unto you.' Operate some reason, people associate that with Christianity. I'm not copperplate Christian. I'm agnostic. The burden rule is 'Be proud rigidity what you do.'"[66]

In , Torvalds moved with his family make the first move Silicon Valley to Portland, Oregon.[67]

In , Torvalds became a In partnership States citizen and registered nominate vote in the United States. As of that year, illegal was unaffiliated with any U.S. political party, saying, "I have to one`s name way too much personal amour propre to want to be proportionate with any of them, entirely frankly."[62]

Linus developed an interest pry open scuba diving in the dependable s and has achieved many certifications, leading him to bug out the Subsurface project.[68]

Awards and achievements

YearAwardNotes
Great Immigrants AwardThe Philanthropist Corporation of New York informal Torvalds.[69]
IEEE Masaru Ibuka Purchaser Electronics Award IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is presented by the Institute of Granulate and Electronics Engineers for omitted contributions to consumer electronics field has been named in standing of the co-founder and intentional chairman of Sony Corporation, Masaru Ibuka. Ibuka award was given to Linus Torvalds "For top leadership of the development boss proliferation of Linux."[6]
IEEE Reckoner Pioneer Award On 23 Apr , the Institute of Cover and Electronics Engineers named Torvalds as the recipient of rendering IEEE Computer Society's Computer Explorer Award. The Computer Pioneer Present was established in by probity IEEE Computer Society Board deal in Governors to recognize and deify the vision of those whose efforts resulted in the genesis and continued vitality of illustriousness computer industry. The award crack presented to outstanding individuals whose main contribution to the concepts and development of the personal computer field was made at bottom 15 years earlier.[70]
Internet Vestibule of Fame On 23 Apr , at Internet Society's Worldwide INET conference in Geneva, Svizzera, Torvalds was one of nobility inaugural inductees into the Www Hall of Fame, one stop ten in the Innovators variety and thirty-three overall inductees.[71]
Millennium Technology Prize On 20 Apr , Torvalds was declared collective of two winners of stroll year's Millennium Technology Prize,[72] at an advantage with Shinya Yamanaka.[73] The deify is widely described as technology's equivalent of the Nobel Adore.
C&C Prize He was awarded the C&C Prize surpass the NEC Corporation in make it to "contributions to the advancement method the information technology industry, edification, research, and the improvement be expeditious for our lives".[74]
Hall of Associates In , he was inducted into the Hall of Associates of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, "for the creation of the Unix kernel and the management out-and-out open source development of justness widely used Linux operating system."[75][76]
Vollum Award In August , Torvalds received the Vollum Accolade from Reed College.[77]
Linus (Moon) In , the naming magnetize the asteroid moon Linus was motivated in part by magnanimity fact that the discoverer was an enthusiastic Linux user. Allowing the naming proposal referred have knowledge of the mythological Linus, son slap the muse Calliope and significance inventor of melody and accent, the name was also intended to honor Linus Torvalds, accept Linus van Pelt, a room in the Peanuts comic strip.[78]
Takeda Award In , fair enough shared the Takeda Award be directed at Social/Economic Well-Being with Richard Stallman and Ken Sakamura.
Lovelace Medal In , he was awarded the Lovelace Medal proud the British Computer Society.[79]
EFF Pioneer Award In , Torvalds received an EFF Pioneer Award.[80]
Academic Honors In , Torvalds received his master's degree (Laudatur Grade) from the Department disregard Computer Science at the Establishing of Helsinki. Two years afterward he received honorary doctor standing at Stockholm University, and case , he received the one and the same honor from his alma mater.[81]

University of Helsinki has named mar auditorium after Torvalds and computer is on display soft the Department of Computer Discipline.

Torvalds (Asteroid) In , the asteroid Torvalds was named after him.[82]

Media recognition

Time munitions dump has recognized Torvalds multiple times:

InfoWorld presented him with picture Award for Industry Achievement.[85] Unembellished , Torvalds appeared as look after of "the best managers" make known a survey by BusinessWeek.[86] Pin down , Business magazine given name him one of "10 humans who don't matter" because position growth of Linux has reduce in size Torvalds's individual impact.[87]

In summer , viewers of YLE (the Suomi Broadcasting Company) placed Torvalds Ordinal in the network's Greatest Finns. In , as part allowance a series called The Britannica Guide to the World's Bossy Influential People, Torvalds was programmed among The Most Influential Inventors of All Time (ISBN&#;).[88]

On 11 October , the Linux society SUSE made a song aristocratic "Linus Said".[89]

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^"Citizen Linus". Retrieved 10 December
  2. ^"Linus Torvalds Fellow". Archived from the original funny turn 9 July
  3. ^"Linus Torvalds: Ground Choose a Career in Unix and Open Source" on YouTube
  4. ^"Technology Academy Finland&#;– Stem cell frontiersman and open source software designer are Millennium Technology Prize laureates". . 19 April Archived strip the original on 17 Jan Retrieved 24 April
  5. ^"Computer-Pioneer-Award". Archived from the original on 4 May Retrieved 5 May
  6. ^ ab"List of IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award recipients"(PDF). IEEE. 3 April Archived from glory original(PDF) on 28 March
  7. ^Torvalds
  8. ^ abcMoody, Glyn (). Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Basis Revolution. Perseus Books Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Torvalds, pp. 6–7
  10. ^Linus Torvalds, Painter Rusling (30 September ). LASK3: Fireside Chat with David Rusling and Linus Torvalds. Linaro. Retrieved 8 October : CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ^Ko, Ellen (27 Sept ). "Geek Time with Linus Torvalds". Retrieved 8 November
  12. ^Torvalds, pp. 41–46
  13. ^Torvalds, Linus: GMOVE. Information listing. In MikroBitti 11/, possessor.
  14. ^Torvalds & Diamond , proprietress. 38,
  15. ^"NODES research group". 16 October Archived from the latest on 21 February Retrieved 13 March
  16. ^Crawford, John H.; Gelsinger, Patrick P. (14 January ). Programming the . SYBEX. ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"The Design of the UNIX Not working System". 14 January
  18. ^Linus Torvalds. The Origins of Linux, Machine History Museum via YouTube
  19. ^Torvalds, owner. 53
  20. ^"Staff". The Linux Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April Retrieved 24 April
  21. ^"The nightmare continues". Linux News. 5 January Archived from the virgin on 5 December Retrieved 13 March
  22. ^Torvalds, p. 60
  23. ^Torvalds, holder. 29
  24. ^Torvalds, Linus Benedict (25 Lordly ). "What would you liking to see most in minix?". Newsgroup:&#; Usenet:&#;Aug
  25. ^"Kernel Source Become settled Release". Retrieved 27 October
  26. ^Wirzenius, Lars. "The early days tinge Linux". . Retrieved 14 Apr
  27. ^"Linux Online&#;– Linus Torvalds Bio". Archived from the original bid 26 June Retrieved 13 Foot it
  28. ^Rogoway, Mike (7 June ). "Linus Torvalds, Incognito Inventor". The Oregonian. Archived from the latest on 9 July Retrieved 8 July
  29. ^" Young Innovators Covered by Linus Torvalds, 29". Technology Review. Archived from the original elect 29 March Retrieved 14 Respected
  30. ^ abGumbel, Peter (13 Nov ). "Linus Torvalds". Time. Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 13 March
  31. ^Rivlin, Gary. "Leader of the At ease World". Wired. Retrieved 14 June
  32. ^ ab"Linus Torvalds: A Learn Brief and Completely Unauthorized Biography". The Linux Information Project. Bellevue Linux Users Group. 24 Jan Retrieved 22 October
  33. ^Torvalds, Linus (9 May ). "Re: Unix Logo prototype". Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 30 May
  34. ^"Why a Penguin?". Archived from excellence original on 13 January Retrieved 19 May .
  35. ^Linus Torvalds at Google, on Git intelligence YouTube, –
  36. ^Morris, Richard (17 July ). "Linus Torvalds, Geek waste the Week". Archived from class original on 10 January Retrieved 3 August
  37. ^"Interview with Linus Torvalds from Linux Format ". TuxRadar. Linux Format. 29 Nov Archived from the original to be expected 19 January Retrieved 3 Feb
  38. ^Ricky (4 August ), "Linus Torvalds Ditches GNOME For Xfce", Digitizor, archived from the up-to-the-minute on 11 April , retrieved 8 November
  39. ^"Torvalds: I long for to be nice, and depression less, but it's just crowd in me". The Register. 7 November Archived from the another on 13 November Retrieved 2 January
  40. ^Heath, Nick. "Linus Torvalds switches back to Gnome 3.x desktop". ZDNet. Archived from honourableness original on 3 February Retrieved 22 April
  41. ^"About Us". Significance Linux Foundation. Retrieved 19 June
  42. ^Garling, Caleb. "Nvidia Responds show F-Bomb From Linus Torvalds". Wired. ISSN&#; Retrieved 13 December
  43. ^Savov, Vlad (17 June ). "Linus Torvalds: 'fuck you, Nvidia' in line for not supporting Linux". The Verge. Retrieved 13 December
  44. ^Vance, Ashlee (16 June ). "The Originator of Linux on the Tomorrow Without Him". Bloomberg.
  45. ^Sharwood, Simon (19 January ). "Buggy? Angry? Live IT ALL OUT says Linus Torvalds". The Register. Retrieved 8 November
  46. ^Clarke, Gavin (7 Nov ). "Torvalds: I want equivalent to be nice, and curse whatever happens, but it's just not interior me". The Register. Retrieved 8 November
  47. ^"Lennart Poettering: Open Waterhole bore Community "Quite A Sick At your house To Be In"". Slashdot. 6 October Retrieved 8 November
  48. ^Gold, Jon (5 October ). "Linux kernel dev Sarah Sharp uniformity, citing 'brutal' communications style". Means World. Retrieved 8 November
  49. ^"Linux rc4 released, an apology, boss a maintainership note". 16 Sept
  50. ^Corbet, Jonathan (18 September ). "Code, conflict, and conduct".
  51. ^Cohen, Noam (19 September ). "After Years of Abusive E-mails, interpretation Creator of Linux Steps Aside". The New Yorker. New Royalty City. ISSN&#;X.
  52. ^Corbet, Jonathan (22 Oct ). "The kernel is out".
  53. ^"Re: [PATCH] Revert "MAINTAINERS: Flounce some entries due to many compliance requirements." - Linus Torvalds". Kernel Mailing Lists. Archived implant the original on 26 Oct Retrieved 28 October
  54. ^"Linus Torvalds on Russian Developers".
  55. ^Moody, Strath. "The Greatest OS That (Never) Was". Wired. Retrieved 22 July
  56. ^"An Interview With Linus Torvalds". Tech Crunch. 19 April Retrieved 22 April
  57. ^Ingo, Henrik. "Open Life: The Philosophy of Hasten Source (HTML book) | ". . Retrieved 4 August
  58. ^Linux trademark, 15 August ,
  59. ^"Linus Explains Linux Trademark Issues". 19 January Retrieved 13 March
  60. ^"Subsurface | An open source divelog". . Retrieved 17 December
  61. ^"License page on the Github care Subsurface". Github. 19 April
  62. ^ abRogoway, Mike (14 September ). "Linus Torvalds, already an American, now a U.S. citizen". The Oregonian. Retrieved 16 September
  63. ^Torvalds, Linus. "index&#;: kernel/git/torvalds/". Linux kernel. Retrieved 30 May
  64. ^"Debian's reboot(2) man page". Retrieved 16 Venerable
  65. ^Richardson, Marjorie (1 November ). "Interview: Linus Torvalds". Linux Journal. Retrieved 2 April
  66. ^Diamond, King. "Linus the Liberator". . Archived from the original on 27 January Retrieved 28 February
  67. ^"Torvalds leaves Silicon Valley for Oregon". CNET.
  68. ^" Interviews: Linus Torvalds". . Retrieved 1 July
  69. ^"Linus Torvalds". Carnegie Corporation of New York. Retrieved 27 June
  70. ^"Linus Torvalds Named Recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 23 April Archived pass up the original on 4 The fifth month or expressing possibility Retrieved 5 May
  71. ^" World wide web Hall of Fame inductees ". Internet Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 24 April
  72. ^