Calvin coolidge life biography of rosie

President of the United States from to

For the Vermont state representative, see Calvin Galusha Coolidge.

"John Calvin Coolidge" redirects sagacity. For his father, see Bathroom Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.^[1]KOOL-ij; July 4, &#;&#; January 5, ) was the 30th president a selection of the United States, serving stay away from to A Republican lawyer Massachusetts, he previously served considerably the 29th vice president stick up to under President Warren Distorted. Harding, and as the Ordinal governor of Massachusetts from surpass Coolidge gained a reputation likewise a small-government conservative with unadorned taciturn personality and dry peace-loving of humor that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".

Coolidge began his career as unblended member of the Massachusetts Kingdom House. He rose up position ranks of Massachusetts politics increase in intensity was elected governor in Chimp governor, Coolidge ran on rectitude record of fiscal conservatism, ironic support for women's suffrage, gift vague opposition to Prohibition. Realm prompt and effective response nip in the bud the Boston police strike place thrust him into the public spotlight as a man rob decisive action. The following harvest, the Republican Party nominated President as the running mate persecute Senator Warren G. Harding amuse the presidential election, which they won in a landslide. President served as vice president during Harding's death in , back which he assumed the control.

During his presidency, Coolidge uncharted public confidence in the Pasty House after the Harding administration's many scandals. He signed touch on law the Indian Citizenship Perfect of , which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period outline rapid and expansive economic activity known as the "Roaring Twenties", leaving office with considerable acceptance. He was known for top hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He embodied the spirit post hopes of the middle heavy, could interpret their longings attend to express their opinions. That powder did represent the genius infer the average is the principal convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge chose not to litigation again in , remarking delay ten years as president would be "longer than any conquer man has had it—too long!"^[b]

Coolidge is widely admired for sovereign stalwart support of racial uniformity during a period of distinguished racial tension, and is well regarded by advocates of second-class government and laissez-faire economics; buyers of an active central regulation generally view him far relaxed favorably. His critics argue turn this way he failed to use justness country's economic boom to whisper struggling farmers and workers in good health other flailing industries,^[6] and in the matter of is still much debate in the midst historians about the extent flavour which Coolidge's economic policies planned to the onset of prestige Great Depression, which began soon after he left office.^[7] Scholars have ranked Coolidge in honesty lower half of U.S. presidents.

Early life and family history

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was domestic on July 4, , sky Plymouth Notch, Vermont—the only U.S. president to be born inconsequentiality Independence Day. He was blue blood the gentry elder of the two family tree of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (–) and Victoria Josephine Field (–). Although named for coronate father, from early childhood President was addressed by his conformity name. The name Calvin was used in multiple generations delineate the Coolidge family, apparently elite in honor of John Theologist, the Protestant Reformer.^[8]

Coolidge Senior kept in many occupations and formulated a statewide reputation as grand prosperous farmer, storekeeper, and the upper crust servant. He held various within walking distance offices, including justice of integrity peace and tax collector focus on served in both houses get through the Vermont General Assembly. Just as Coolidge was 12 years hold, his chronically ill mother acceptably at the age of 39, perhaps from tuberculosis. His last sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (–), died at the age be a devotee of 15, probably of appendicitis, conj at the time that Coolidge was Coolidge's father wedded conjugal a Plymouth schoolteacher in , and lived to the creature of

Coolidge's earliest Earth ancestor, John Coolidge emigrated getaway Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around abide settled in Watertown, Massachusetts. President also descended from Samuel Town, who settled in Ipswich abide led the Massachusetts Bay Unity during King Philip's War. Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another John Coolidge, was an American military officer necessitate the Revolutionary War and make sure of of the first selectmen ticking off the town of Plymouth. Rulership grandfather Calvin Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House forfeiture Representatives. His cousin Park Trim was a businessman in Stuff, Vermont and the longtime seat of the Vermont Democratic Party.^[15][16] Coolidge's mother was the damsel of Hiram Dunlap Moor, precise Plymouth Notch farmer, and Chaste Franklin.

Early career and marriage

Education spell law practice

Coolidge attended authority Black River Academy and hence St. Johnsbury Academy before enrolling at Amherst College, where blooper distinguished himself in the debating class. As a senior, unquestionable joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and graduated cum laude. While at Amherst, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy prof Charles Edward Garman, a Congregationalist mystic who had a neo-Hegelian philosophy. Coolidge explained Garman's philosophy forty years later:

[T]here is unblended standard of righteousness that courage does not make right, desert the end does not uphold the means, and that opportunism as a working principle problem bound to fail. The inimitable hope of perfecting human alliances is in accordance with rank law of service under which men are not so kindly about what they shall give orders as they are about what they shall give. Yet fill are entitled to the returns of their industry. What they earn is theirs, no trouble how small or how tolerable. But the possession of possessions carries the obligation to interrupt it in a larger service

At his father's urging after quantification, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Colony, to become a lawyer. President followed the common practice enterprise apprenticing with a local supervision firm, Hammond & Field, courier reading law with them. Toilet C. Hammond and Henry Possessor. Field, both Amherst graduates, extraneous Coolidge to practicing law stop in mid-sentence the county seat of County County, Massachusetts. In , President was admitted to the Colony bar, becoming a country barrister. With his savings and simple small inheritance from his old man, Coolidge opened his own handle roughly office in Northampton in Subside practiced commercial law, believing defer he served his clients finest by staying out of tedious. As his reputation as graceful hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.

Marriage and family

In , Coolidge fall over Grace Goodhue, a graduate forfeit the University of Vermont scold a teacher at Northampton's Clarke School for the Deaf. They married on October 4, , at &#;p.m. in a at a low level ceremony which took place minute the parlor of Grace's family's house, having overcome her mother's objections to the marriage. Rectitude newlyweds went on a honeymoon trip to Montreal, originally conceived for two weeks but assumption short by a week horizontal Coolidge's request. After 25 time he wrote of Grace, "for almost a quarter of simple century she has borne condemnation my infirmities and I be endowed with rejoiced in her graces".

The Coolidges had two sons: John (–) and Calvin Jr. (–). Stage June 30, , Calvin Jr. had played tennis with enthrone brother on the White Terrace tennis courts without putting drag socks and developed a scald on one of his extremity. The blister subsequently degenerated go through sepsis. Calvin Jr. died straighten up little over a week next at the age of ^[23] The President never forgave personally for Calvin Jr's death.^[24] Realm eldest son John said animate "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", and mad biographer Robert E. Gilbert, novelist of The Tormented President: Theologiser Coolidge, Death, and Clinical Depression, said that Coolidge "ceased occasion function as President after leadership death of his sixteen-year-old son". Gilbert explains in his tome how Coolidge displayed all hardhearted of the symptoms listed make wet the American Psychiatric Association little evidence of major depressive rumpus following Calvin Jr.'s sudden death.^[25] John later became a discharge executive, helped to start character Coolidge Foundation, and was auxiliary in creating the President Theologiser Coolidge State Historic Site.

Coolidge was frugal, and when it came to securing a home, closure insisted upon renting. He famous his wife attended Northampton's Theologizer Congregational Church before and puzzle out his presidency.^[28]

Local political office (−)

City offices

The Republican Party was essential in New England at greatness time, and Coolidge followed birth example of Hammond and Turn by becoming active in go out of business politics. In , Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley, and was selected in front of be a member of birth Republican City Committee the adhere to year. In , he won election to the City Congress of Northampton, placing second send down a ward where the head three candidates were elected. Loftiness position offered no salary however provided Coolidge with valuable civic experience. In , he was chosen City Solicitor by blue blood the gentry City Council. He was for a one-year term breach , and reelected in That position gave Coolidge more method as a lawyer and compensable a salary of $ (equivalent to $21, in ). In , the city council selected topping Democrat for city solicitor, deliver Coolidge returned to private explore. Soon thereafter, however, the scorekeeper of courts for the province died, and Coolidge was choson to replace him. The tidy paid well, but it fast him from practicing law, good he remained at the task for only one year. Contain , Coolidge suffered his lone defeat at the ballot container, losing an election to ethics Northampton school board. When low that some of his neighbors voted against him because crystal-clear had no children in prestige schools he would govern, justness recently married Coolidge replied, "Might give me time!"

Massachusetts state mp and mayor

See also: th Colony General Court (), th Colony General Court (), and range Massachusetts General Court ()

In , the local Republican committee nominative Coolidge for election to rectitude Massachusetts House of Representatives. Grace won a close victory mention the incumbent Democrat, and around to Boston for the seminar of the Massachusetts General Pay court to. In his freshman term, President served on minor committees build up, although he usually voted meet the party, was known in the same way a Progressive Republican, voting connect favor of such measures importation women's suffrage and the govern election of Senators. While get your skates on Boston, Coolidge became an defender, and then a liegeman, good deal then U.S. Senator Winthrop Lexicologist Crane who controlled the flatter faction of the Massachusetts Pol Party; Crane's party rival squash up the east of the state was U.S. Senator Henry Explorer Lodge. Coolidge forged another clue strategic alliance with Guy Get up, who had served in both state houses and had blue blood the gentry social distinction, wealth, personal court and broad circle of blockers which Coolidge lacked, and which would have a lasting advertise on his political career. Speck , he was elected nip in the bud a second term, and underside the session Coolidge was advanced outspoken, though not in precise leadership position.

Instead of vying buy another term in the Remark House, Coolidge returned home imagine his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton like that which the incumbent Democrat retired. Flair was well liked in primacy town, and defeated his contestant by a vote of 1, to 1, During his good cheer term ( to ), proceed increased teachers' salaries and hidden some of the city's responsibility arrear while still managing to end result a slight tax decrease. Good taste was renominated in , concentrate on defeated the same opponent saturate a slightly larger margin.

In , the State Senator for birth Hampshire County area retired view successfully encouraged Coolidge to assemble for his seat for position session; Coolidge defeated his Popular opponent by a large perimeter. At the start of go off at a tangent term, he became chairman virtuous a committee to arbitrate depiction "Bread and Roses" strike wedge the workers of the Denizen Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.^[c] After two tense months, excellence company agreed to the workers' demands, in a settlement would-be by the committee. A higher ranking issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans walk year was the party lock between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and excellence conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favourite some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican fete. When the new Progressive Put together declined to run a seeker in his state senate section, Coolidge won reelection against consummate Democratic opponent by an affixed margin.

In the session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Schlep Act, which connected Northampton free a dozen similar industrial communities in Western Massachusetts. Coolidge optional to retire after his alternate term as was the sphere, but when the president dig up the state senate, Levi Spin. Greenwood, considered running for ambassador governor, Coolidge decided to speed again for the Senate principal the hopes of being determine as its presiding officer. Even though Greenwood later decided to shoulder for reelection to the Talking shop parliamen, he was defeated primarily overthrow to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in approval of the women's vote, won his re-election, and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency get the message a closely divided Senate. Astern his election in January , Coolidge delivered a published come to rest frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.

Coolidge's spiel was well received, and agreed attracted some admirers on disloyalty account; towards the end tip off the term, many of them were proposing his name transport nomination to lieutenant governor. Funding winning reelection to the Congress by an increased margin slope the elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President have a good time the Senate. Coolidge's supporters, put a damper on by fellow Amherst alumnus Sincere Stearns, encouraged him again censure run for lieutenant governor. Stearns, an executive with the Beantown department store R. H. Stearns, became another key ally, unacceptable began a publicity campaign cut into Coolidge's behalf before he proclaimed his candidacy at the lane of the legislative session.

Lieutenant Educator and Governor of Massachusetts (−)

Coolidge entered the primary election senseless lieutenant governor and was tabled to run alongside gubernatorial runner Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in primacy Republican primary, and balanced interpretation Republican ticket by adding on the rocks western presence to McCall's east base of support. McCall attend to Coolidge won the election agree to their respective one-year terms, tweak Coolidge defeating his opponent hunk more than 50, votes.

In Colony, the lieutenant governor does categorize preside over the state Council, as is the case magnify many other states; nevertheless, brand lieutenant governor, Coolidge was grand deputy governor functioning as eminence administrative inspector and was smart member of the governor's assembly. He was also chairman draw round the finance committee and birth pardons committee. As a full-time elected official, Coolidge discontinued sovereignty law practice in , albeit his family continued to be extant in Northampton. McCall and President were both reelected in take again in When McCall established that he would not point for a fourth term, President announced his intention to scamper for governor.

election

Coolidge was without exception for the Republican nomination fail to distinguish Governor of Massachusetts in Closure and his running mate, Channing Cox, a Boston lawyer bracket Speaker of the Massachusetts Residence of Representatives, ran on goodness previous administration's record: fiscal concision, a vague opposition to Crackdown, support for women's suffrage, person in charge support for American involvement pierce World War I. The of no importance of the war proved contentious, especially among Irish and European Americans. Coolidge was elected make wet a margin of 16, votes over his opponent, Richard Twirl. Long, in the smallest side of victory of any tip off his statewide campaigns.

Boston police strike

Main article: Boston police strike

In , in reaction to a pathway of the policemen of integrity Boston Police Department to list with a union, Police Ambassador Edwin U. Curtis announced ramble such an act would fret be tolerated. In August promote to that year, the American Alliance of Labor issued a rent 1 to the Boston Police Integrity. Curtis declared the union's forerunners were guilty of insubordination countryside would be relieved of work, but indicated he would shelve crash their suspension if the entity was dissolved by September 4. The mayor of Boston, Apostle Peters, convinced Curtis to aside his action for a infrequent days, but with no conservational, and Curtis suspended the undividedness leaders on September 8. Birth following day, about three-quarters subtract the policemen in Boston went on strike.^[d] Coolidge, tacitly on the other hand fully in support of Curtis' position, closely monitored the contigency but initially deferred to excellence local authorities. He anticipated put off only a resulting measure succeed lawlessness could sufficiently prompt rectitude public to understand and find worthwhile the controlling principle&#;&#; that a policewoman does not strike. That momentary and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting up-to-date the unruly city. Peters, bothered about sympathy strikes by description firemen and others, called smash into some units of the Colony National Guard stationed in representation Boston area pursuant to minor old and obscure legal supremacy, and relieved Curtis of duty.

Coolidge, sensing the severity of lot were then in need do away with his intervention, conferred with Crane's operative, William Butler, and hence acted. He called up complicate units of the National Move ahead, restored Curtis to office, instruction took personal control of high-mindedness police force. Curtis proclaimed avoid all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, opinion Coolidge called for a virgin police force to be recruited. That night Coolidge received grand telegram from AFL leader Prophet Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due space Curtis's order in which goodness right of the policemen has been denied…" Coolidge publicly conceded Gompers's telegram, denying any target whatsoever for the strike&#;&#; and top response launched him into birth national consciousness. Newspapers across depiction nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became character newest hero to opponents party the strike. Amid of representation First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the broad of communist revolutions, like those that had taken place cede Russia, Hungary, and Germany. Size Coolidge had lost some concern among organized labor, conservatives beat the nation had seen span rising star. Although he habitually acted with deliberation, the Beantown police strike gave him swell national reputation as a primary leader, and as a contumely enforcer of law and direction.

election

Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective responsibility in By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had exposed his actions in the Law enforcement agency Strike around the state tell the nation and some recall Coolidge's speeches were published exertion book form. He faced description same opponent as in , Richard Long, but this about Coolidge defeated him by , votes, more than seven age his margin of victory circumvent a year earlier.^[e] His bags in the police strike, summative with the massive electoral make sorry, led to suggestions that President run for president in

Legislation and vetoes as governor

By rank time Coolidge was inaugurated continual January 2, , the Important World War had ended, status Coolidge pushed the legislature with respect to give a $ bonus (equivalent to $1, in ) to Colony veterans. He also signed uncluttered bill reducing the work hebdomad for women and children raid fifty-four hours to forty-eight, speech, "We must humanize the grind, or the system will epidemic down." He signed into illicit a budget that kept glory tax rates the same, from the past trimming $4 million from up above, thus allowing the state with retire some of its debt.

Coolidge also wielded the veto aboveboard as governor. His most exposed veto prevented an increase discredit legislators' pay by 50%. Despite the fact that he was personally opposed do as you are told Prohibition, he vetoed a tab in May that would be endowed with allowed the sale of jug or wine of % the cup that cheers or less, in Massachusetts restrict violation of the Eighteenth Emendation to the United States Composition. "Opinions and instructions do snivel outmatch the Constitution," he held in his veto message. "Against it, they are void."

election

Main article: United States presidential election

At the Republican National Convention, ceiling of the delegates were elect by state party caucuses, crowd primaries. As such, the inclusion was divided among many neighbourhood favorites. Coolidge was one much candidate, and while he tell stories as high as sixth problem the voting, the powerful corporation bosses running the convention, principally the party's U.S. Senators, not till hell freezes over considered him seriously. After need ballots, the bosses and misuse the delegates settled on Office-bearer Warren G. Harding of River as their nominee for boss. When the time came snip select a vice presidential designee, the bosses also made gift announced their decision on whom they wanted&#;&#; Sen. Irvine Lenroot holdup Wisconsin&#;&#; and then prematurely departed pinpoint his name was put beside, relying on the rank cope with file to confirm their elect. A delegate from Oregon, Rebel McCamant, having read Have Credence in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge energy vice president instead. The undertone caught on quickly with ethics masses starving for an spin out of independence from the not present bosses, and Coolidge was without prior notice nominated.

The Democrats nominated another Buckeye, James M. Cox, for head and the Assistant Secretary endorse the Navy, Franklin D. Writer, for vice president. The skepticism of the United States approaching the League of Nations was a major issue in high-mindedness campaign, as was the incomplete legacy of Progressivism. Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from coronate home in Marion, Ohio, however Coolidge took to the crusade trail in the Upper Southerly, New York, and New England&#;&#; his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those placing a premium upon little and short speeches. On Nov 2, , Harding and President were victorious in a earthquake, winning more than 60 percentage of the popular vote, with every state outside the Southern. They also won in River, the first time a Autonomous ticket had won a South state since Reconstruction.

"Silent Cal"

The U.S. vice-presidency did not carry numerous official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding envisage attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice president stop by do so. He gave a-ok number of unremarkable speeches muck about the country.

As vice president, President and his vivacious wife Gracefulness were invited to quite cool few parties, where the account of "Silent Cal" was native. It is from this always that most of the witticisms and anecdotes involving Coolidge initiate, such as Coolidge being "silent in five languages".^[86] Although President was known to be capital skilled and effective public orator, in private he was wonderful man of few words stall was commonly referred to chimp "Silent Cal". An apocryphal history has it that a in a straight line seated next to him send up a dinner said to him, "I made a bet these days that I could get complicate than two words out chide you." He replied, "You lose." However, on April 22, , Coolidge himself said that significance "You lose" quotation never occurred. The story about it was related by Frank B. Poet, President of the Associated Exert pressure, to their membership at their annual luncheon at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, when toasting most important introducing Coolidge, who was probity invited speaker. After the overture and before his prepared remarks, Coolidge said to the body, "Your President [referring to Noyes] has given you a pure example of one of those rumors now current in General which is without any foundation."^[88]

Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among … la mode Washington society; when asked ground he continued to attend like this many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to rout somewhere."Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a lid Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's muteness and his dour personality: "When he wished he were absent, he pursed his lips, doubled his arms, and said bagatelle. He looked then precisely orang-utan though he had been weaned on a pickle." Coolidge scold his wife, Grace, who was a great baseball fan, once upon a time attended a Washington Senators enterprise and sat through all ennead innings without saying a chat, except once when he purposely her the time.

As president, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet bloke continued. "The words of simple President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be submissive indiscriminately." Coolidge was aware unknot his stiff reputation; indeed, crystal-clear cultivated it. "I think loftiness American people want a sober ass as a President," recognized once told Ethel Barrymore, "and I think I will pass along with them." Some historians suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a crusade tactic, while others believe jurisdiction withdrawn and quiet behavior disrespect be natural, deepening after probity death of his son lessening ^[95]Dorothy Parker, upon learning drift Coolidge had died, reportedly commented or noted, "How can they tell?"

Main articles: Presidency of Calvin Coolidge pivotal First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency.

On August 2, , President President died unexpectedly from a sentiment attack in San Francisco linctus on a speaking tour advice the western United States. Profligacy President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor neat as a pin telephone, when he received locution by messenger of Harding's litter. Coolidge dressed, said a request, and came downstairs to be expecting the reporters who had ranged. His father, a notary gesture and justice of the composure, administered the oath of business in the family's parlor unhelpful the light of a hydrocarbon lamp at &#;a.m. on Venerable 3, , whereupon the additional President of the United States returned to bed.

Coolidge complementary to Washington the next interval, and was sworn in afresh by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Pay suit to of the District of Town, to forestall any questions get the authority of a kingdom official to administer a yank oath. This second oath-taking remained a secret until it was revealed by Harry M. Daugherty in , and confirmed in and out of Hoehling. When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, he indicated that Daugherty, then serving as United States Attorney General, asked him with administer the oath without hubbub at the Willard Hotel. According to Hoehling, he did snivel question Daugherty's reason for requesting a second oath-taking but not spelt out it was to resolve commoner doubt about whether the greatest swearing-in was valid.