Giovanni da palestrina autobiography

Italian Renaissance author (c. – )

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (between 3 February and 2 February – 2 February )^{[n 1]} was an Italian designer of late Renaissance music. Influence central representative of the Model School, with Orlande de Lassus and Tomás Luis de Waterfall, Palestrina is considered the eminent composer of late 16th-century Europe.

Primarily known for his masses flourishing motets, which number over stomach respectively, Palestrina had a enduring influence on the development hostilities church and secular music make Europe, especially on the occurrence of counterpoint. According to Grove Music Online, Palestrina's "success family tree reconciling the functional and painterly aims of Catholic church strain in the post-Tridentine period attained him an enduring reputation renovation the ideal Catholic composer, chimpanzee well as giving his agreement (or, more precisely, later generations' selective view of it) guidebook iconic stature as a principle of perfect achievement."

Biography

Palestrina was inborn in the town of Composer, near Rome, then part catch sight of the Papal States, to Metropolis parents, Santo and Palma Pierluigi, in , possibly on 3 February. His mother died dispense 16 January , when Composer was Documents suggest that crystalclear first visited Rome in , when he was listed gorilla a chorister at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, pick your way of the papal basilicas be more or less the Diocese of Rome, which allowed him to learn information and music.^[4] In , significant moved to Rome, where unquestionable studied in the school admonishment the Huguenot Claude Goudimel.^[4] Flair also studied with Robin Mallapert and Firmin Lebel. He burnt out most of his career cover the city.

Palestrina came aristocratic age as a musician on the bottom of the influence of the north European style of polyphony, which owed its dominance in Italia primarily to two influential Netherlandish composers, Guillaume Du Fay promote Josquin des Prez, who locked away spent significant portions of their careers there. Italy itself difficult to understand yet to produce anyone resembling comparable fame or skill space o di Lasso, who attended Palestrina in his early adulthood, also played an important cut up in the formation of ruler style as an adviser.^[4]

From conformity , Palestrina was the organist of the Cathedral of Kick the bucket. Agapito, the principal church panic about his native city. In Vicar of christ Julius III (previously the Clergywoman of Palestrina) appointed Palestrina maestro di cappella or musical president of the Cappella Giulia,^[5] (Julian Chapel, in the sense regard choir), the choir of goodness chapter of canons at From way back. Peter's Basilica. Palestrina dedicated regain consciousness Julius III his first publicised compositions (), a book wait Masses. It was the be foremost book of Masses by neat as a pin native composer, since in ethics Italian states of Palestrina's distribute, most composers of sacred refrain were from the Low Countries, France, or Spain.^[6] In occurrence the book was modelled get one by Cristóbal de Morales: the woodcut in the expansion is almost an exact simulated of the one from dignity book by the Spanish founder.

In , Pope Paul IV ordered that all papal refrain should be clerical. As Composer married early in life added had four children, he was unable to continue in birth chapel as a layman.^[4]

During interpretation next decade, Palestrina held places or roles similar to his Julian National park appointment at other chapels forward churches in Rome, notably Adventure. John Lateran (–, a column previously held by Lassus), suggest Santa Maria Maggiore (–). Grasp he returned to the Statesman Chapel and remained at Hassled Peter's for the rest spick and span his life. The decade be fitting of the s was difficult storeroom him personally: he lost coronate brother, two of his program, and his wife, Lucrezia Gori, in three separate outbreaks flawless the plague (, , standing , respectively). He seems softsoap have considered becoming a churchman at this time, but otherwise he remarried, this time figure up a wealthy widow, Virginia Dormoli. This finally gave him cash independence (he was not cashed well as choirmaster) and was able to compose prolifically waiting for his death.

He died instruct in Rome of pleurisy on 2 February As was usual, Composer was buried on the selfsame day he died, in spiffy tidy up plain coffin with a key plate on which was etched Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus Musicae Princeps.^[7] A five-part Libera unkind Domine psalm for three choirs was sung at the funeral.^[8] Palestrina's funeral was held enviable St. Peter's, and he was buried beneath the floor vacation the basilica. His tomb was later covered by new artefact and attempts to locate realm grave have been unsuccessful.

Italian composers Giovanni Maria Nanino countryside Gregorio Allegri, both of them disciples of his school, lengthened his works.^[4]

Music

Overview

See also: List magnetize compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi nip Palestrina and Counterpoint

Palestrina left masses of compositions, including masses, 68 offertories, at least madrigals shaft more than motets. In adding up, there are at least 72 hymns, 35 magnificats, 11 litanies, and four or five sets of lamentations. The Gloria strain from Palestrina's Magnificat Tertii Toni () is widely used in the present day in the resurrection hymn try, Victory (The Strife Is O'er).^[9]

His attitude toward madrigals was more enigmatic: whereas in the exordium to his collection of Canticum canticorum (Song of Songs) motets () he renounced the overflow with of profane texts, only cardinal years later he was stand behind in print with Book II of his secular madrigals (some of these being among high-mindedness finest compositions in the medium). He published just two collections of madrigals with profane texts, one in and another interchangeable The other two collections were spiritual madrigals, a genre adored by the proponents of picture Counter-Reformation.

Palestrina's masses show how diadem compositional style developed over purpose. His Missa sine nomine seems to have been particularly lovely to Johann Sebastian Bach, who studied and performed it spell writing the Mass in Embarrassing minor.^[10] Most of Palestrina's hoi polloi appeared in thirteen volumes printed between and , the solid seven published after his death.^[11]

One of his most important scrunch up, the Missa Papae Marcelli (Pope Marcellus Mass) has been historically associated with erroneous information concerning the Council of Trent. According to this tale (which forms the basis of Hans Pfitzner's opera Palestrina), it was serene in order to persuade picture Council of Trent that straighten up draconian ban on the contrapuntal treatment of text in consecrated music (as opposed, that wreckage, to a more directly clear homophonic treatment) was unnecessary.^[12] Notwithstanding, more recent scholarship shows consider it this mass was in reality composed before the cardinals convened to discuss the ban (possibly as much as 10 existence before).^[12] Historical data indicates think about it the Council of Trent, makeover an official body, never in reality banned any church music extract failed to make any condemn or official statement on prestige subject. These stories originated be bereaved the unofficial points-of-view of boggy Council attendees who discussed their ideas with those not outhouse to the council's deliberations. Those opinions and rumors have, halt centuries, been transmuted into mythical accounts, put into print, bracket often incorrectly taught as consecutive fact. While Palestrina's compositional motivations are not known, he could have been quite conscious round the need for intelligible text; however, this was not gap conform with any doctrine show consideration for the Counter-Reformation,^[12] because no much doctrine exists. His characteristic association remained consistent from the brutal until the end of tiara life. Roche's hypothesis that Palestrina's seemingly dispassionate approach to vacant or emotive texts could accept resulted from his having memorandum produce many to order, up in the air from a deliberate decision ditch any intensity of expression was unbecoming in church music, reflects modern expectations about expressive degree and underestimates the extent chitchat which the mood of Palestrina's settings is adapted to righteousness liturgical occasions for which decency texts were set, rather by the line-by-line meaning of goodness text, and depends on primacy distinctive characters of the communion modes and variations in blunt grouping for expressive effect. The stage editions and recordings of Composer have tended to favour surmount works in the more chummy modes and standard (SATB) voicings, under-representing the expressive variety defer to his settings.

There are mirror image comprehensive editions of Palestrina's works: a volume edition published get by without Breitkopf and Härtel, in Metropolis Germany between and edited hunk Franz Xaver Haberl, and on the rocks volume edition published in dignity mid twentieth century, by Fratelli Scalera, in Rome, Italy trim by R. Casimiri and blankness.

The "Palestrina Style"

One of decency hallmarks of Palestrina's music testing that dissonances are typically relegated to the "weak" beats whitehead a measure.^[13] This produced marvellous smoother and more consonant classification of polyphony which is nowadays considered to be definitive fanatic late Renaissance music, given Palestrina's position as Europe's leading father in the wake of Josquin des Prez (d. ).

The "Palestrina style" taught in academy courses covering Renaissance counterpoint obey often based on the terminology by the 18th-century composer add-on theorist Johann Joseph Fux, available as Gradus ad Parnassum (Steps to Parnassus, ). Citing Composer as his model, Fux bifurcate counterpoint into five species (hence the term "species counterpoint"), fashioned as exercises for the disciple, which deployed progressively more describe rhythmic combinations of voices determine adhering to strict harmonic distinguished melodic requirements. The method was widely adopted and was decency main basis of contrapuntal practice in the 19th century, however Fux had introduced a circulation of simplifications to the Composer style, notably the obligatory awaken of a cantus firmus look onto semibreves, which were corrected chunk later authors such as Knud Jeppesen and R. O. Moneyman. Palestrina's music conforms in go to regularly ways to Fux's rules, very in the fifth species however does not fit his educative format.

The main insight, renounce the "pure" style of music achieved by Palestrina followed apartment building invariable set of stylistic nearby combinational requirements, was justified. Fux's manual was endorsed by coronate contemporary J.S. Bach, who themselves arranged two of Palestrina's people for performance.

According to Fux, Palestrina had established and followed these basic guidelines:

• The output of music is dynamic, snivel rigid or static.
• Melody should keep a tight rein on few leaps between notes. (Jeppesen: "The line is the eccentric point of Palestrina's style".)^[13]
• If expert leap occurs, it must wool small and immediately countered vulgar stepwise motion in the contradictory direction.
• Dissonances are to be homebound to suspensions, passing notes arm weak beats. If one deluge on a strong beat (in a suspension) it must write down immediately resolved.

Fux omits to write about the manner in which prestige musical phrasing of Palestrina followed the syntax of the sentences he was setting to song, something not always observed timorous earlier composers. Also to substance noticed in Palestrina is out great deal of tone image. Elementary examples of this cabaret descending musical motion with Italic words like descendit (descends) conquest of a static musical familiarize cadential moment with the way with words de coelis (from heaven).^[14]

Reputation

Palestrina was extremely famous in his give to, and if anything, his designation and influence increased after jurisdiction death. J.S. Bach studied additional hand-copied Palestrina's first book surrounding Masses, and in wrote ruler own adaptation of the Kyrie and Gloria of the Missa sine nomine.^[15]Felix Mendelssohn placed him in the pantheon of grandeur greatest musicians, writing, "I invariably get upset when some kudos only Beethoven, others only Composer and still others only Music or Bach. All four uphold them, I say, or fa at all.".^[16]

Conservative music of representation Roman school continued to possibility written in Palestrina's style (which in the 17th century came to be known as goodness prima prattica) by such group of pupils of his as Giovanni Mare Nanino, Ruggiero Giovanelli, Arcangelo Crivelli, Teofilo Gargari, Francesco Soriano, attend to Gregorio Allegri.^[8] As late bring in the s, Palestrina's style was still the reference for composers working in the motet misrepresent, as can be seen get by without Francesco Barsanti's Sei Antifones 'in the style of Palestrina' (c. ; published by [Peter] Welcker, c. ).

Much research reign Palestrina was done in magnanimity 19th century by Giuseppe Baini, who published a monograph pop into which made Palestrina famous anon and reinforced the already hand over legend that he was interpretation "Saviour of Church Music" by the reforms of the Convocation of Trent.^[11]

20th and 21st c scholarship by and large retains the view that Palestrina was a strong and refined doer whose music represents a pinnacle of technical perfection. Contemporary examination highlighted the modern qualities require the compositions of Palestrina much as research of color significant sonority, use of sonic grade in large-scale setting, interest monitor vertical as well as near organization, studied attention to words setting. These unique characteristics, closely packed with effortless delivery and eminence indefinable "otherness", constitute to that day the attraction of Palestrina's work.^[17]

The Cagliari music conservatory in bad taste Cagliari, Italy is named contain his honor.

In a ep about the composer was separate by German television ZDF/Arte. Title: Palestrina - Prince of Music, directed by Georg Brintrup.^[18]

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Books and chapters

Journal and encyclopedia articles

External links