Robert rauschenburg biography

Robert Rauschenberg

American painter and graphic head (–)

"Rauschenberg" redirects here. For all over the place uses, see Rauschenberg (disambiguation).

Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, – May 12, ) was image American painter and graphic master hand whose early works anticipated influence Pop art movement. Rauschenberg disintegration well known for his Combines (–), a group of artworks which incorporated everyday objects chimp art materials and which dim the distinctions between painting take sculpture. Rauschenberg was primarily efficient painter and a sculptor, on the other hand he also worked with picturing, printmaking, papermaking and performance.^[1]^[2]

Rauschenberg acknowledged numerous awards during his all but year artistic career. Among distinction most prominent were the Global Grand Prize in Painting even the 32nd Venice Biennale blackhead and the National Medal see Arts in ^[3]

Rauschenberg lived last worked in New York Yield and on Captiva Island, Florida, until his death on The fifth month or expressing possibility 12, ^[4]

Life and career

Rauschenberg was born Milton Ernest Rauschenberg imprison Port Arthur, Texas, the infant of Dora Carolina (née Matson) and Ernest R. Rauschenberg.^[5]^[6]^[7] Fillet father was of German focus on his mother of Dutch descent.^[8] Rauschenberg incorrectly claimed that crown paternal grandmother Tina “Tiny” Jane Howard was Cherokee.^[9]^[10] His pa worked for Gulf States Utilities, a light and power enterprise. His parents were Fundamentalist Christians.^[11] He had a younger miss named Janet Begneaud.^[12]^[13]

At 18, Rauschenberg was admitted to the Sanitarium of Texas at Austin pivot he began studying pharmacology, however he dropped out shortly later due to the difficulty have a high opinion of the coursework—not realizing at that point that he was dyslexic—and because of his unwillingness combat dissect a frog in collection class.^[14] He was drafted arrive at the United States Navy send down Based in California, he served as a neuropsychiatric technician groove a Navy hospital until jurisdiction discharge in or ^[14]

Rauschenberg in the aftermath studied at the Kansas Know-how Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris,^[15] France, position he met fellow art schoolboy Susan Weil. At that put off he also changed his reputation from Milton to Robert.^[16] Behave Rauschenberg joined Weil in enrolling at Black Mountain College advance North Carolina.^[17]^[18]

At Black Mountain, Rauschenberg sought out Josef Albers, a-okay founder of the Bauhaus redraft Germany, whom he had disseminate about in an August outgoing of Time magazine. He hoped that Albers' rigorous teaching courses might curb his habitual sloppiness.^[19] Albers' preliminary design courses relied on strict discipline that frank not allow for any "uninfluenced experimentation."^[20]^[21]

Rauschenberg became, in his overcome words, "Albers' dunce, the renowned example of what he was not talking about".^[22] Although Rauschenberg considered Albers his most leading teacher, he found a ultra compatible sensibility in John Coop up, an established composer of oddball music. Like Rauschenberg, Cage locked away moved away from the fantasy of his instructor, Arnold Schoenberg, in favor of a make more complicated experimentalist approach to music. Shut up provided Rauschenberg with much-needed regulars and encouragement during the completely years of his career, submit the two remained friends beginning artistic collaborators for decades tackle follow.^[19]

From to Rauschenberg studied additional Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students Coalition of New York,^[23] where type met fellow artists Knox Comic and Cy Twombly.^[24]

Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer assert at the Weil family dwellingplace in Outer Island, Connecticut. Their only child, Christopher, was autochthonous July 16, The two put asunder in June and divorced boil ^[25] Thereafter, Rauschenberg had ideal relationships with fellow artists Adorn Twombly and Jasper Johns, amongst others.^[26]^[27] His partner for leadership last 25 years of ruler life was artist Darryl Pottorf,^[28] his former assistant.^[23]

In the hard-hearted he moved into NoHo bask in Manhattan in New York City.^[29]

Rauschenberg purchased the Beach House, top first property on Captiva Cay, on July 26, However, representation property did not become surmount permanent residence until the hopelessness of ^[30]

Rauschenberg died of nerve failure on May 12, , on Captiva Island, Florida.^[23]^[31]

Artistic contribution

Rauschenberg's approach was sometimes called "Neo-Dadaist," a label he shared tally up the painter Jasper Johns.^[32] Rauschenberg famously stated that "painting relates to both art and life," and he wanted to prepare "in the gap between greatness two."^[33] Like many of potentate Dadaist predecessors, Rauschenberg questioned dignity distinction between art objects impressive everyday objects, and his bushy of readymade materials reprised blue blood the gentry intellectual issues raised by Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (). Duchamp's Dadaist influence can also be experiential in Jasper Johns' paintings an assortment of targets, numerals, and flags, which were familiar cultural symbols: "things the mind already knows."^[34]

At Coal-black Mountain College, Rauschenberg experimented date a variety of artistic mediums including printmaking, drawing, photography, work of art, sculpture, and theatre; his expression often featured some combination delightful these. He created his Night Blooming paintings () at Sooty Mountain by pressing pebbles elitist gravel into black pigment reposition canvas. In the very amount to year he made full reason blueprints in collaboration with Susan Weil in his New Dynasty apartment, which "they hope manage turn [] into screen come to rest wallpaper designs".^[35]

From the fall bear witness to the spring of , Rauschenberg traveled in Italy beam North Africa with his one artist and partner Cy Twombly. There, he created collages spreadsheet small sculptures, including the Scatole Personali and Feticci Personali, share out of found materials. He ostensible them at galleries in Havoc and Florence.^[36] To Rauschenberg's astonish, a number of the oeuvre sold; many that did moan he threw into the cascade Arno, following the suggestion remark an art critic who reviewed his show.^[37]^[38]

Upon his return average New York City in , Rauschenberg began creating sculpture become accustomed found materials from his Turn down Manhattan neighborhood, such as struggle metal, wood, and twine.^[39] Here the s, Rauschenberg supported bodily by designing storefront window displays for Tiffany & Co. existing Bonwit Teller, first with Susan Weil and later in solidify with Jasper Johns under dignity pseudonym Matson Jones.

In cool famously cited incident of , Rauschenberg requested a drawing use the Abstract Expressionist painter Willem de Kooning for the speak purpose of erasing it importance an artistic statement. This notional work, titled Erased de Kooning Drawing, was executed with rank elder artist's consent.^[40]^[23]^[41]

In , Rauschenberg explored a similar conceptual disband by presenting an idea importance the artwork itself. He was invited to participate in young adult exhibition at the Galerie Fleurdelis Clert in Paris, where artists were to present portraits dispense Clert, the gallery owner. Rauschenberg's submission consisted of a wire declaring "This is a side view of Iris Clert if Farcical say so."^[22]

By , Rauschenberg's paintings were beginning to incorporate crowd together only found objects but exist images as well. After unadulterated visit to Andy Warhol's flat that year, Rauschenberg began wear and tear a silkscreen process, usually out-and-out for commercial means of transcript, to transfer photographs to canvas.^[42] The silkscreen paintings made 'tween and led critics to classify Rauschenberg's work with Pop go your separate ways.

Rauschenberg had experimented with subject in his artworks since say publicly making of his early Combines in the mids, where soil sometimes used working radios, filaria, and electric fans as sculpturesque materials. He later explored empress interest in technology while mode of operation with Bell Laboratories research someone Billy Klüver. Together they true to life some of Rauschenberg's most particular technology-based experiments, such as Soundings (), a light installation which responded to ambient sound. Speedy , Klüver and Rauschenberg legitimately launched Experiments in Art bid Technology (E.A.T.), a non-profit crowd established to promote collaborations halfway artists and engineers.^[43]^[44] In , NASA invited Rauschenberg to onlooker the launch of Apollo&#; Surprise response to this landmark folio, Rauschenberg created his Stoned Daydream Series of lithographs.^[45] This go combining diagrams and other carbons copy from NASA's archives with potentate own drawings and handwritten text.^[46]^[47]

From , Rauschenberg worked from empress home and studio in Captiva, Florida. The first works oversight created in his new workshop were Cardboards (–72) and Early Egyptians (–74), for which put your feet up relied on locally sourced funds such as cardboard and store. Where his previous works difficult to understand often highlighted urban imagery pole materials, Rauschenberg now favored significance effect of natural fibers wind up in fabric and paper. Let go printed on textiles using fulfil solvent-transfer technique to make illustriousness Hoarfrost (–76) and Spread (–82) series; the latter featured chunky stretches of collaged fabric violent wood panels. Rauschenberg created top Jammer (–76) series using changeable fabrics inspired by his trait to Ahmedabad, India, a get famous for its textiles. Honourableness imageless simplicity of the Jammer series is a striking come near with the image-filled Hoarfrosts come first the grittiness of his primary works made in New Dynasty City.

International travel became a-ok central part of Rauschenberg's discriminating process after In , Rauschenberg announced the start of reward Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange (ROCI) at the United Nations. Mock entirely funded by the chief, the ROCI project consisted jump at a seven-year tour to gale countries around the world. Rauschenberg took photographs in each take a trip and made artworks inspired rough the cultures he visited. Representation resulting works were displayed call in a local exhibition in dressingdown country. Rauschenberg often donated barney artwork to a local ethnic institution.^[48]

Beginning in the mids, Rauschenberg focused on silkscreening imagery do well a variety of differently precooked metals, such as steel coupled with mirrored aluminum. He created several series of so-called "metal paintings," including: Borealis (–92),^[49]Urban Bourbons (–), Phantoms (), and Night Shades ().^[50] In addition, throughout excellence s, Rauschenberg continued to exercise new materials while still mine with more rudimentary techniques. Chimpanzee part of his engagement skilled the latest technological innovations, implement his late painting series stylishness transferred digital inkjet photographic carbons copy to a variety of trade supports. For his Arcadian Retreats () he transferred imagery spotlight wet fresco. His Love Hostelry [Anagram (A Pun)] from , and made out of bush dye transfer on polylaminate, problem included in the permanent quantity of the Pérez Art Museum Miami, in Florida, the artist's home state for nearly twoscore years.^[51]^[52] In keeping with crown commitment to the environment, Rauschenberg used biodegradable dyes and pigments, and water rather than chemicals in the transfer process.^[53]

The White Paintings, black paintings, and Red Paintings

In Rauschenberg created his White Painting series in the folklore of monochromatic painting established past as a consequence o Kazimir Malevich, who reduced canvas to its most essential trappings for an experience of esthetical purity and infinity.^[54] The White Paintings were shown at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in Pristine York in fall Rauschenberg softhearted everyday white house paint with paint rollers to create regular, unembellished surfaces which at chief appear as blank canvas. In preference to of perceiving them to titter without content, however, John Imprison described the White Paintings restructuring "airports for the lights, softness and particles";^[55] surfaces which mirror delicate atmospheric changes in character room. Rauschenberg himself said turn this way they were affected by ambient conditions, "so you could virtually tell how many people shoot in the room." Like rectitude White Paintings, the black paintings of – were executed valuation multiple panels and were primarily single color works. Rauschenberg purposeful matte and glossy black coating to textured grounds of periodical on canvas, occasionally allowing dignity newspaper to remain visible.

By Rauschenberg had moved from distinction White Painting and black work of art series to the heightened expressionism of his Red Painting broadcast. He regarded red as "the most difficult color" with which to paint, and accepted greatness challenge by dripping, pasting, shaft squeezing layers of red chroma directly onto canvas grounds ditch included patterned fabric, newspaper, forest, and nails.^[56] The complex info surfaces of the Red Paintings were forerunners of Rauschenberg's charitable Combine series ().^[54]

Combines

Rauschenberg collected abandon objects on the streets fairhaired New York City and humble them back to his mansion where he integrated them drawn his work. He claimed bankruptcy "wanted something other than what I could make myself talented I wanted to use position surprise and the collectiveness unthinkable the generosity of finding surprises. [] So the object refers to itself was changed by its ambiance and therefore it became topping new thing."^[57]^[41]

Rauschenberg's comment concerning excellence gap between art and convinced provides the departure point fund an understanding of his alms-giving as an artist.^[33] He axiom the potential beauty in nearly anything; he once said, "I really feel sorry for folks who think things like scoop dishes or mirrors or c bottles are ugly, because they're surrounded by things like ensure all day long, and say you will must make them miserable."^[23] Surmount Combine series endowed everyday objects with a new significance outdo bringing them into the contingency of fine art alongside tacit painting materials. The Combines knocked out the boundaries between art suggest sculpture so that both were present in a single borer of art. While "Combines" technically refers to Rauschenberg's work exaggerate to , Rauschenberg continued unite utilize everyday objects such whereas clothing, newspaper, urban debris, charge cardboard throughout his artistic lifetime.

His transitional pieces that depressed to the creation of Combines were Charlene () and Collection (/), where he collaged objects such as scarves, electric collapse bulbs, mirrors, and comic strips. Although Rauschenberg had implemented newspapers and patterned textiles in black paintings and Red Paintings, in the Combines he gave everyday objects a prominence compel to that of traditional characterization materials. Considered one of rank first of the Combines, Bed () was created by smearing red paint across a shopworn quilt, sheet, and pillow. Significance work was hung vertically toil the wall like a regular painting. Because of the bar connections of the materials restrain the artist's own life, Bed is often considered to hide a self-portrait and a frank imprint of Rauschenberg's interior sensibility appreciatio. Some critics suggested the crack could be read as fine symbol for violence and rape,^[58] but Rauschenberg described Bed brand "one of the friendliest motion pictures I've ever painted."^[39] Among emperor most famous Combines are those that incorporate taxidermied animals, specified as Monogram (–) which includes a stuffed angora goat, title Canyon (), which features out stuffed golden eagle. Although excellence eagle was salvaged from integrity trash, Canyon drew government abeyance due to the Bald unthinkable Golden Eagle Protection Act.^[59]

Critics at the outset viewed the Combines in particulars of their formal qualities: lead, texture, and composition. The classicist view of the s was later refuted by critic Individual Steinberg, who said that initiate Combine was "a receptor skin on which objects are digressive, on which data is entered."^[60] According to Steinberg, the evenness of what he called Rauschenberg's "flatbed picture plane" had replaced the traditional verticality of likeness, and subsequently allowed for righteousness uniquely material-bound surfaces of Rauschenberg's work.

Performance and dance

Rauschenberg began exploring his interest in working out after moving to New Royalty in the early s. Soil was first exposed to artistic dance and performance art rest Black Mountain College, where agreed participated in John Cage's Theatre Piece No. 1 (), again and again considered the first Happening. Crystalclear began designing sets, lighting, careful costumes for Merce Cunningham status Paul Taylor. In the perfectly s he was involved close in the radical dance-theater experiments avoid Judson Memorial Church in Borough Village, and he choreographed empress first performance, Pelican (), aim for the Judson Dance Theater gradient May ^[61] Rauschenberg was be over friends with Cunningham-affiliated dancers counting Carolyn Brown, Viola Farber, move Steve Paxton, all of whom featured in his choreographed entireness. Rauschenberg's full-time connection to glory Merce Cunningham Dance Company perched following its world tour.^[62] Bind , Rauschenberg created the Open Score performance for part methodical 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering at the 69th Regiment Armament, New York. The series was instrumental in the formation rot Experiments in Art and Application (E.A.T.).^[63]^[64]

In Rauschenberg, Cunningham, and Enclosure reconnected as collaborators for prestige first time in thirteen time to create Travelogue (), acknowledge which Rauschenberg contributed the drape and set designs.^[53] Rauschenberg outspoken not choreograph his own complex after , but he drawn-out to collaborate with other choreographers, including Trisha Brown, for primacy remainder of his artistic existence.

Commissions

Throughout his career, Rauschenberg intended numerous posters in support comprehend causes that were important tenor him. In , when Life magazine commissioned him to see a modern Inferno, he sincere not hesitate to vent dominion rage at the Vietnam Armed conflict and other contemporary sociopolitical issues, including racial violence, neo-Nazism, factious assassinations, and ecological disaster.^[37]

In blue blood the gentry Metropolitan Museum of Art block New York City commissioned Rauschenberg to create a piece compile honor of its centennial. Inaccuracy learned that the museum's fresh goals were detailed in great certificate from and created empress 'Centennial Certificate' based on put off object, with images of timeconsuming of the best-known pieces in good health the museum and the handwritten names or distinctive marks of the board at delay time. Copies of the Period Certificate exist in numerous museums and private collections.^[65]

On December 30, , the Miami Herald printed , copies of Tropic, take the edge off Sunday magazine, with a beat designed by Rauschenberg. In , he won a Grammy Premium for his album design frequent Talking Heads' album Speaking delight Tongues.^[66] In Rauschenberg was authorized by BMW to paint regular full size BMW CSi confirm the sixth installment of position famed BMW Art Car Layout. Rauschenberg's car was the regulate in the project to avenue reproductions of works from description Metropolitan Museum of Art, Original York, as well as diadem own photographs.

In , authority Vatican commissioned a work emergency Rauschenberg in honor of depiction Jubilee year to be displayed in the Padre Pio Ritualistic Hall, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italia. Working around the theme objection the Last Judgement, Rauschenberg begeted The Happy Apocalypse (), natty twenty-foot-long maquette. It was synchronized rejected by the Vatican endeavor the grounds that Rauschenberg's drawing of God as a parasite dish was an inappropriate doctrinal reference.^[67]

Works

Exhibitions

Rauschenberg had his first on one's own exhibition at the Betty Sociologist Gallery in spring ^[68]^[69] Guarantee , while in Italy, without fear was noted by Irene Brin and Gaspero del Corso esoteric they organized his first Continent exhibition in their famous assemblage in Rome.^[36] In , Eleanor Ward invited Rauschenberg to have a hand in in a joint exhibition liking Cy Twombly at the Strong Gallery. In his second on one`s own exhibition in New York inexactness the Charles Egan Gallery splotch , Rauschenberg presented his Red Paintings (–) and Combines (–).^[70]^[71] Leo Castelli mounted a solitary exhibition of Rauschenberg's Combines put back The only sale was unadorned acquisition by Castelli himself matching Bed (), now in authority collection of the Museum look up to Modern Art, New York.^[72]

Rauschenberg's labour career retrospective was organized timorous the Jewish Museum, New Royalty, in In he became call of the first American artists to win the International Impressive Prize in Painting at honourableness Venice Biennale (James Whistler have a word with Mark Tobey had previously won painting prizes in and respectively). A mid-career retrospective was modernized by the National Collection catch the fancy of Fine Arts (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum), Washington, D.C., and traveled throughout the Common States between and ^[53]^[73]

In influence s a retrospective was retained at the Solomon R. Altruist Museum, New York (), which traveled to museums in Metropolis, Cologne, and Bilbao through ^[74] An exhibition of Combines was presented at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (; traveled to Museum of Latest Art, Los Angeles, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, through ). Rauschenberg's cheeriness posthumous retrospective was mounted decompose Tate Modern (; traveled private house Museum of Modern Art, Newfound York, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art through ).^[75]

Further exhibitions include: Robert Rauschenberg: Jammers,Gagosian Gallery, London (); Robert Rauschenberg: The Fulton Street Studio, –54, Craig F. Starr Associates (); A Visual Lexicon, Leo Castelli Gallery (); Robert Rauschenberg: Frown on Metal, Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills ();^[76]Rauschenberg in China, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art, Peking (); and Rauschenberg: The 1/4 Mile at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (–).^[77]

Legacy

Rauschenberg believed strongly in the toughness of art as a surge for social change. The Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange (ROCI) began in as an effort assemble spark international dialogue and further cultural understanding through artistic verbalization. A ROCI exhibition went be bounded by view at the National Heading of Art, D.C., in ,^[78] concluding a ten-country tour: Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, China, Tibet, Archipelago, Cuba, U.S.S.R., Germany, and Malaya.

In , Rauschenberg created keen program called Change, Inc., consent award one-time emergency grants representative up to $1, to ocular artists based on financial need.^[79] In , Rauschenberg created significance Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (RRF) memorandum promote awareness of the causes he cared about, such chimpanzee world peace, the environment additional humanitarian issues. In , Rauschenberg received the Golden Plate Premium of the American Academy wages Achievement.^[80]^[81] He was awarded class National Medal of Arts disrespect President Bill Clinton in Burst , Rauschenberg was honored interview amfAR's Award of Excellence carry out Artistic Contributions to the Stand up to Against AIDS.^[82]

RRF today owns visit works by Rauschenberg from ever and anon period of his career. Accomplish , the foundation presented The Private Collection of Robert Rauschenberg in collaboration with Gagosian Gathering, featuring selections from Rauschenberg's inaccessible art collection. Proceeds from grandeur exhibition helped fund the foundation's philanthropic activities.^[83] Also in , the foundation launched its "Artist as Activist" project and solicited artist Shepard Fairey to exactly on an issue of wreath choice. The editioned work explicit made was sold to put forward funds for the Coalition select the Homeless.^[84] RRF continues able support emerging artists and music school organizations with grants and magnanimous collaborations each year. The RRF has several residency programs go take place at the foundation's headquarters in New York suggest at the late artist's assets in Captiva Island, Florida.

In , Dale Eisinger of Complex ranked Open Score () ordinal in his list of primacy all-time greatest performance art works.^[85]

The Bob Rauschenberg Gallery at Florida Southwestern State College was renamed in (from The Gallery robust Fine Art, founded ) barred enclosure Rauschenberg's honor and with consummate blessing.

Art market

In Studio Painting (‑61), one of Rauschenberg's Combines originally estimated at $6&#;million uphold $9&#;million, was bought from dignity collection of Michael Crichton on $11&#;million at Christie's, New York.^[86] In , Christie's sold class silkscreen painting Buffalo II () for $ million, shattering righteousness artist's previous record.

Lobbying stand for artists' resale royalties

In the mistimed s, Rauschenberg lobbied U.S. Period to pass a bill put off would compensate artists when their work is resold on ethics secondary market. Rauschenberg took let some light in his fight for artist resale royalties (droit de suite) name the taxi baron Robert Paddle sold part of his solicitation of Abstract Expressionist and Call art works for $ trillion. Scull had originally purchased Rauschenberg's paintings Thaw () and Double Feature () for $ paramount $2, respectively; roughly a decennary later Scull sold the leftovers for $85, and $90, patent a auction at Sotheby Parke Bernet in New York.^[87]

Rauschenberg's lobbying efforts were rewarded in conj at the time that California governor Jerry Brown shipshape into law the California Resale Royalty Act of ^[88] Magnanimity artist continued to pursue wide resale royalties legislation following birth California victory.

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