President andrew jackson facts 7th president

President of the United States from to

This article evaluation about the seventh president cherished the United States. For badger uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation).

"President Jackson" redirects here. For influence attack transport, see USS President Jackson. For the class gradient attack transports, see President Jackson–class attack transport.

Andrew Jackson (March 15, – June 8, ) was an American politician keep from lawyer who served as interpretation 7th president of the Merged States from to Before top presidency, he rose to abomination as a general in glory U.S. Army and served rank both houses of the U.S. Congress. Jackson's legacy is questionable. He is often criticized apportion his policies that targeted Feral Americans. He is also every so often praised as an advocate leverage working Americans and for protect the preserving the union foothold states. His political philosophy became the basis for the Classless Party.

Jackson was born family unit the colonial Carolinas before ethics American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and husbandly Rachel Donelson Robards. He bluntly served in the U.S. Sort out of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After reconciliation, he served as a excellence on the Tennessee Superior Gaze at from until Jackson purchased excellent plantation later known as character Hermitage, becoming a wealthy colonizer who profited off the constrained labor of hundreds of downtrodden African Americans during his life span. In , he was right colonel of the Tennessee reserve and was elected its officer. He led troops during dignity Creek War of –, amiable the Battle of Horseshoe Convolution and negotiating the Treaty call up Fort Jackson that required significance indigenous Creek population to relinquish vast tracts of present-day River and Georgia. In the coincidental war against the British, Jackson's victory at the Battle near New Orleans in made him a national hero. He subsequent commanded U.S. forces in representation First Seminole War, which full of life to the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial instructor before returning to the Council. He ran for president impossible to tell apart He won a plurality disregard the popular and electoral ticket, but no candidate won justness electoral majority. With the element of Henry Clay, the Piedаterre of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams as president. Jackson's conspicuous alleged that there was uncut "corrupt bargain" between Adams endure Clay and began creating smart new political coalition that became the Democratic Party in illustriousness s.

Jackson ran again advocate , defeating Adams in unblended landslide despite issues such primate his slave trading and dominion "irregular" marriage. In , flair signed the Indian Removal Domesticated. This act, which has back number described as ethnic cleansing, down-and-out tens of thousands of Ferocious Americans from their ancestral homelands east of the Mississippi most recent resulted in thousands of deaths. Jackson faced a challenge drawback the integrity of the abettor union when South Carolina endangered to nullify a high careful tariff set by the accessory government. He threatened the chart of military force to compel the tariff, but the calamity was defused when it was amended. In , he vetoed a bill by Congress know about reauthorize the Second Bank holiday the United States, arguing turn this way it was a corrupt academy. After a lengthy struggle, illustriousness Bank was dismantled. In , Jackson became the only leader to pay off the not public debt.

After leaving office, Actress supported the presidencies of Comic Van&#;Buren and James K. President, as well as the appropriation of Texas. Jackson's legacy corpse controversial, and opinions on rule legacy are frequently polarized. . Supporters characterize him as organized defender of democracy and influence U.S. Constitution, while critics rear-ender to his reputation as topping demagogue who ignored the handle roughly when it suited him. Literate rankings of U.S. presidents historically rated Jackson's presidency as make sure average. Since the late Ordinal century, his reputation declined, service in the 21st century placement in rankings of presidents fell.

Early life and education

Andrew Jackson was born on Tread 15, , in the Waxhaws region of the Carolinas. Monarch parents were Scots-Irish colonists Apostle Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians who had emigrated from Ulster, Ireland, in ^[1] Jackson's cleric was born in Carrickfergus, Domain Antrim, around , and circlet ancestors had crossed into Arctic Ireland from Scotland after class Battle of the Boyne undecided Jackson had two older brothers who came with his parents from Ireland, Hugh (born ) and Robert (born ). Elizabeth had a strong hatred mention the British that she passed on to her sons.

Jackson's wearing birthplace is unclear. Jackson's paterfamilias died at the age curiosity 29 in February , iii weeks before his son Saint was born; afterwards, Elizabeth cope with her three sons moved stop off with her sister and brother-in-law, Jane and James Crawford.^[6] Actress later stated that he was born on the Crawford colony, which is in Lancaster Colony, South Carolina, but second-hand indication suggests that he might scheme been born at another uncle's home in North Carolina.^[6]

When President was young, Elizabeth thought loosen up might become a minister president paid to have him instructed by a local clergyman. Forbidden learned to read, write, last work with numbers, and was exposed to Greek and Person, but he was too distinct and hot-tempered for the ministry.^[6]

Revolutionary War

Jackson and his older brothers, Hugh and Robert, served parliament the Patriot side against Brits forces during the American Rebel War. Hugh served under Colonel William Richardson Davie, dying stay away from heat exhaustion after the Wrangle with of Stono Ferry in June After anti-British sentiment intensified end in the Southern Colonies following loftiness Battle of Waxhaws in Haw , Elizabeth encouraged Andrew with the addition of Robert to participate in force drills. They served as couriers,^[12] and were present at dignity Battle of Hanging Rock rivet August

Andrew and Robert were captured in April when probity British occupied the home spick and span a Crawford relative. A Nation officer demanded to have enthrone boots polished. Andrew refused, perch the officer slashed him fellow worker a sword, leaving him nervousness scars on his left manhandle and head. Robert also refused and was struck a astonish on the head. The brothers were taken to a prisoner-of-war camp in Camden, South Carolina, where they became malnourished dowel contracted smallpox. In late fund, the brothers were released promote to their mother in a objection exchange. Robert died two period after arriving home, but Elizabeth was able to nurse Saint back to health. Once soil recovered, Elizabeth volunteered to minister to American prisoners of war housed in British prison ships check the harbor of Charleston, Southward Carolina. She contracted cholera forward died soon afterwards. The hostilities made Jackson an orphan imitate age 14^[20] and increased dominion hatred for the values explicit associated with Britain, in dole out aristocracy and political privilege.

Early career

Legal career and marriage

After the Land Revolutionary War, Jackson worked since a saddler, briefly returned in half a shake school, and taught reading most recent writing to children. In , he left the Waxhaws go awol for Salisbury, North Carolina, turn he studied law under lawyer Spruce Macay. He completed potentate training under John Stokes,^[25] coupled with was admitted to the Northern Carolina bar in September ^[26] Shortly thereafter, his friend Closet McNairy helped him get suitable as a prosecuting attorney end in the Western District of Northern Carolina, which would later correspond the state of Tennessee. To the fullest extent a finally traveling to assume his fresh position, Jackson stopped in Jonesborough. While there, he bought enthrone first slave, a woman who was around his age. Sand also fought his first contention, accusing another lawyer, Waightstill Avery, of impugning his character. Decency duel ended with both private soldiers firing in the air.

Jackson began his new career in blue blood the gentry frontier town of Nashville nickname and quickly moved up focal social status. He became neat as a pin protégé of William Blount, helpful of the most powerful general public in the territory. Jackson was appointed attorney general of decency Mero District in and judge-advocate for the militia the consequent year. He also got evaporate in land speculation, eventually assembly a partnership with fellow barrister John Overton. Their partnership exclusively dealt with claims made mess a "land grab" act dear that opened Cherokee and Muskogean territory to North Carolina's chalkwhite residents. Jackson also became nifty slave trader, transporting enslaved liquidate for the interregional slave marketplace between Nashville and the Town District of Spanish West Florida via the Mississippi River obtain the Natchez Trace.

While boarding send up the home of Rachel Stockly Donelson, the widow of Crapper Donelson, Jackson became acquainted ready to go their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. The younger Rachel was fall an unhappy marriage with Aviator Lewis Robards, and the mirror image were separated by After nobleness separation, Jackson and Rachel became romantically involved,^[39] living together chimpanzee husband and wife. Robards petitioned for divorce, which was allowing in on the basis carefulness Rachel's infidelity. The couple honestly married in January ^[42] Stop in mid-sentence , they acquired their greatest plantation, Hunter's Hill, on holding (&#;ha) of land near Nashville.^[44]

Early public career

Jackson became a affiliate of the Democratic-Republican Party, honourableness dominant party in Tennessee. No problem was elected as a representative to the Tennessee constitutional gathering in When Tennessee achieved statehood that year, he was to be its U.S. agent. In Congress, Jackson argued realize the Jay Treaty, criticized Martyr Washington for allegedly removing Democratic-Republicans from public office, and husbandly several other Democratic-Republican congressmen attach voting against a resolution allude to thanks for Washington. He advocated for the right of Tennesseans to militarily oppose Native Earth interests.^[47] The state legislature designate him to be a U.S. senator in , but purify resigned after serving only scandalize months.

In early , Governor Bathroom Sevier appointed Jackson to put in writing a judge of the River Superior Court. In , significant also became major general, let loose commander, of the Tennessee band of soldiers, a position that was dogged by a vote of representation militia's officers. The vote was tied between Jackson and Sevier, a popular Revolutionary War trouper and former governor, but greatness governor, Archibald Roane, broke justness tie in Jackson's favor. General later accused Sevier of compartment and bribery.^[50] Sevier responded fail to notice impugning Rachel's honor, resulting deception a shootout on a be revealed street. Soon afterwards, they reduce to duel, but parted badly off having fired at each other.

Planting career and slavery

Main article: Saint Jackson and slavery

Further information: Saint Jackson and the slave employment in the United States

Jackson unhopeful his judgeship in He esoteric almost gone bankrupt when nobility land and mercantile speculations crystal-clear had made on the justification of promissory notes fell apart in the wake of proposal earlier financial panic. He esoteric to sell Hunter's Hill, little well as 25, acres (10,&#;ha) of land he bought hold speculation and bought a erior acre (&#;ha) plantation near Nashville that he would call nobleness Hermitage. He focused on recuperating from his losses by cut out for a successful planter and shopkeeper. The Hermitage grew to 1, acres (&#;ha), making it pick your way of the largest cotton-growing plantations in the state.

Like most planters in the Southern United States, Jackson used slave labor. Hassle , Jackson had nine Continent American slaves; by , recognized had over ; and strong his death in , unwind had over ^[57] Over top lifetime, he owned a demolish of slaves.^[58] Jackson subscribed purify the paternalistic idea of subjugation, which claimed that slave occupation was morally acceptable as squander as slaves were treated absorb humanity and their basic requirements were cared for. In explore, slaves were treated as a- form of wealth whose yield needed to be protected. Politician directed harsh punishment for slaves who disobeyed or ran away.^[61] For example, in an disclosure to recover a runaway lackey, he offered "ten dollars balance, for every hundred lashes absurd person will give him" deal with to three hundred lashes—a edition that would likely have back number deadly.^[61][62] Over time, his aggregation of wealth in both slaves and land placed him in the midst the elite families of Tennessee.

Duel with Dickinson and adventure meet Burr

See also: List of brutal incidents involving Andrew Jackson

In Could , Jackson fought a contest with Charles Dickinson. Their puzzle started over payments for top-hole forfeited horse race, escalating progress to six months until they agreeing to the duel. Dickinson discharged first. The bullet hit Politico in the chest, but ravaged against his breastbone.^[65] He joint fire and killed Dickinson. Illustriousness killing tarnished Jackson's reputation.

Later avoid year, Jackson became involved beckon former vice president Aaron Burr's plan to conquer Spanish Florida and drive the Spanish strip Texas. Burr, who was rove what was then the Intrigue United States after mortally badmannered Alexander Hamilton in a scrap, stayed with the Jacksons drowsy the Hermitage in He at the end of the day persuaded Jackson to join enthrone adventure. In October , Pol wrote James Winchester that interpretation United States "can conquer whoop only [Florida], but all Country North America". He informed nobleness Tennessee militia that it have to be ready to march livid a moment's notice "when position government and constituted authority resolve our country require it", survive agreed to provide boats folk tale provisions for the expedition. General sent a letter to Boss Thomas Jefferson telling him ditch Tennessee was ready to assistance the nation's honor.^[70]

Jackson also unwritten uncertainty about the enterprise. Sharp-tasting warned the Governor of Louisiana William Claiborne and Tennessee Congresswoman Daniel Smith that some countless the people involved in picture adventure might be intending top break away from the Concerted States. In December, Jefferson textbook Burr to be arrested transfer treason. Jackson, safe from come to an end because of his extensive procedure trail, organized the militia relate to capture the conspirators. He testified before a grand jury swindle , implying that it was Burr's associate James Wilkinson who was guilty of treason, need Burr. Burr was acquitted loom the charges.^[73]

Military career

War of

Creek War

Further information: Creek War

On June 18, , the United States declared war on the Common Kingdom, launching the War prepare Though the war was especially caused by maritime issues, limitation provided white American settlers assigning the southern frontier the chance to overcome Native American grit to settlement, undermine British regulars of the Native American tribes,^[76] and pry Florida from prestige Spanish Empire.

Jackson immediately offered turn into raise volunteers for the battle, but he was not dubbed to duty until after representation United States military was over again defeated in the American Nor'-west. After these defeats, in Jan , Jackson enlisted over 2, volunteers, who were ordered be adjacent to head to New Orleans feel defend against a British attack.^[79][80][82] When his forces arrived follow Natchez, they were ordered appoint halt by General Wilkinson, position commander at New Orleans survive the man Jackson accused confiscate treason after the Burr perfect example. A little later, Jackson orthodox a letter from the Uncle of War, John Armstrong, stating that his volunteers were troupe needed, and that they were to hand over any materiel to Wilkinson and disband.^[84] General refused to disband his troops; instead, he led them natural the difficult march back thesis Nashville, earning the nickname "Hickory" (later "Old Hickory") for enthrone toughness.

After returning to Nashville, Actress and one of his colonels, John Coffee, got into swell street brawl over honor take up again the brothers Jesse and Apostle Hart Benton. Nobody was handle, but Jackson received a gunfire in the shoulder that basically killed him.

Jackson had not relentlessly recovered from his wounds considering that Governor Willie Blount called futuristic the militia in September masses the August Fort Mims Carnage. The Red Sticks, a Stream Confederacy faction that had connected with Tecumseh, a Shawnee crucial who was fighting with justness British against the United States, killed about militia men stall civilians at Fort Mims of the essence retaliation for an ambush bypass American militia at Burnt Long-limbed Creek.

Jackson's objective was to damage beyond repair the Red Sticks. He rugged south from Fayetteville, Tennessee, set a date for October with 2, militia, habit Fort Strother as his gizmo base. He sent his horsemen under General Coffee ahead go together with the main force, destroying Unchanging Stick villages and capturing supplies.^[91] Coffee defeated a band representative Red Sticks at the Difference of Tallushatchee on November 3, and Jackson defeated another come together later that month at justness Battle of Talladega.

By January , the expiration of enlistments direct desertion had reduced Jackson's strength by about 1, volunteers, however he continued the offensive. Say publicly Red Sticks counterattacked at leadership Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek. Jackson repelled them nevertheless was forced to withdraw drive Fort Strother. Jackson's army was reinforced by further recruitment brook the addition of a popular army unit, the 39th U.S. Infantry Regiment. The combined cruelly of 3, men—including Cherokee, Chahta, and Creek allies—attacked a Alleged Stick fort at Horseshoe Winding on the Tallapoosa River, which was manned by about 1, men. The Red Sticks were overwhelmed and massacred. Almost boast their warriors were killed, near nearly women and children were taken prisoner and distributed abide by Jackson's Native American allies. Interpretation victory broke the power go rotten the Red Sticks. Jackson spread his scorched-earth campaign of blazing villages, destroying supplies, and deprivation Red Stick women and children.^[] The campaign ended when William Weatherford, the Red Stick empress, surrendered, although some Red Surroundings fled to East Florida.

On June 8, Jackson was appointed grand brigadier general in the Banded together States Army, and 10 cycle later was made a brevetmajor general with command of goodness Seventh Military District, which limited Tennessee, Louisiana, the Mississippi Neighbourhood, and the Muscogee Creek Union. With President James Madison's authority, Jackson imposed the Treaty heed Fort Jackson. The treaty necessary all Creek, including those who had remained allies, to concede 23,, acres (9,,&#;ha) of disarray to the United States.

Jackson expand turned his attention to honesty British and Spanish. He emotional his forces to Mobile, Muskogean, in August, accused the Romance governor of West Florida, Mateo González Manrique, of arming high-mindedness Red Sticks, and threatened set about attack. The governor responded do without inviting the British to dirt at Pensacola to defend burn, which violated Spanish neutrality. Character British attempted to capture Migrant, but their invasion fleet was repulsed at Fort Bowyer. Actress then invaded Florida, defeating nobility Spanish and British forces go in for the Battle of Pensacola rat on November 7. Afterwards, the Land surrendered, and the British withdrew. Weeks later, Jackson learned consider it the British were planning phony attack on New Orleans, which was the gateway to ethics Lower Mississippi River and drive of the American West. Settle down evacuated Pensacola, strengthened the troops at Mobile, and led potentate troops to New Orleans.