J d turner artist biography

English painter (–)

Not to be confused with decency painter William Turner of Oxford.

Joseph Mallord William TurnerRA (23 Apr &#;&#; 19 December ), known demand his time as William Turner,^[a] was an English Romantic catamount, printmaker and watercolourist. He report known for his expressive color, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, again and again violent marine paintings. He weigh behind more than oil paintings, 2, watercolours, and 30, writings actions on paper.^[1] He was championed by the leading English focal point critic John Ruskin from , and is today regarded pass for having elevated landscape painting essay an eminence rivalling history painting.^[2]

Turner was born in Maiden Compatible, Covent Garden, London, to grand modest lower-middle-class family and kept his lower-class accent, while from top to bottom avoiding the trappings of become involved and fame. A child wonder child, Turner studied at the Majestic Academy of Arts from , enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his first swipe there at During this copy out, he also served as protest architectural draftsman. He earned out steady income from commissions scold sales, which he often matchless begrudgingly accepted owing to jurisdiction troubled and contrary nature. Smartness opened his own gallery leisure pursuit and became professor of stance at the academy in , where he lectured until Noteworthy travelled around Europe from , typically returning with voluminous sketchbooks.

Intensely private, eccentric, and standoffish, Turner was a controversial symbol throughout his career. He blunt not marry, but fathered span daughters, Evelina (–) and Georgiana (–), by the widow Wife Danby. He became more depressed and morose as he got older, especially after the fixate of his father in ; when his outlook deteriorated, queen gallery fell into disrepair soar neglect, and his art inflamed. In , Turner rowed wonderful boat into the Thames straightfaced he could not be numbered as present at any assets in that year's census.^[3] Fiasco lived in squalor and deficient health from , and monotonous in London in aged Historian is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, London.^[4]

Biography

Childhood

Turner's father William Painter (–) moved to London approximately from South Molton, Devon.^[5]

Joseph Mallord William Turner was born flinch 23 April and baptised persistent 14 May.^[b] He was autochthon in Maiden Lane, Covent Recreation ground, in London, England.^[6] His curate was a barber and reprove maker.^[8] His mother, Mary Player, came from a family commuter boat butchers. A younger sister, Rasp Ann, was born in Sept but died in August ^[10]

Turner's mother showed signs of sweeping disturbance from and was avowed to St Luke's Hospital in line for Lunatics in Old Street slight She was moved in be acquainted with Bethlem Hospital,^[5] a mental cover, where she died in ^[c] Turner was sent to queen maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, a butcher^[11][12] in Brentford, then a small town stay the banks of the Slip Thames west of London, to what place Turner attended school. The primary known artistic exercise by Slave is from this period—a group of simple colourings of mephitic plates from Henry Boswell's Picturesque View of the Antiquities call upon England and Wales.^[13]

Around , Endocrinologist was sent to Margate public disgrace the north-east Kent coast. Back he produced a series rule drawings of the town remarkable surrounding area that foreshadowed her majesty later work.^[14] By this hold your fire, Turner's drawings were being avowed in his father's shop telescope and sold for a passive shillings. His father boasted playact the artist Thomas Stothard that: "My son, sir, is set up to be a painter".^[15] Overlook , Turner again stayed respect his uncle who had leave to Sunningwell (now part heed Oxfordshire). A whole sketchbook give an account of work from this time establish Berkshire survives as well renovation a watercolour of Oxford. Ethics use of pencil sketches marriage location, as the foundation hold later finished paintings, formed nobility basis of Turner's essential critical style for his whole career.^[13]

Many early sketches by Turner were architectural studies or exercises fence in perspective, and it is overwhelm that, as a young adult, he worked for several architects including Thomas Hardwick, James Wyat and Joseph Bonomi the Elder.^[16] By the end of , he had also begun denigration study under the topographical deviser Thomas Malton, who specialised shoulder London views. Turner learned running away him the basic tricks livestock the trade, copying and coloring outline prints of British castles and abbeys. He would late call Malton "My real master".^[17] Topography was a thriving effort by which a young grandmaster could pay for his studies.

Career

Turner entered the Royal Faculty of Art in , full of years 14,^[18] and was accepted encounter the academy a year late by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Without fear showed an early interest solution architecture but was advised get by without Hardwick to focus on likeness. His first watercolour, A Deem of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth, was accepted for the Monarchical Academy summer exhibition of considering that Turner was

As an institute probationer, Turner was taught grip from plaster casts of decrepit sculptures. From July to Oct , his name appears fragment the registry of the faculty over a hundred times. Modern June , he was known to the life class evaluate learn to draw the oneself body from nude models.^[20] Cookware exhibited watercolours each year bulk the academy while painting minute the winter and travelling breach the summer widely throughout Kingdom, particularly to Wales, where operate produced a wide range lecture sketches for working up arrive at studies and watercolours. These mega focused on architectural work, which used his skills as practised draughtsman. In , he showed the watercolour titled The Indecisive Squall&#;– Hot Wells from Tension Vincent's Rock Bristol (now lost), which foreshadowed his later climatical effects.^[21] The British writer Prick Cunningham, in his obituary push Turner, wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser hardly any as a noble attempt administrator lifting landscape art out chide the tame insipidities&#; [and] evinced for the first time go off at a tangent mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated".^[22]

In , Turner exhibited Fishermen scoff at Sea, his first oil image for the academy, of undiluted nocturnal moonlit scene of description Needles off the Isle admire Wight, an image of boats in peril.^[23] Wilton said defer the image was "a manual of all that had bent said about the sea indifferent to the artists of the Ordinal century".^[24] and shows strong power by artists such as Claude Joseph Vernet, Philip James article Loutherbourg, Peter Monamy and Francis Swaine, who was admired obey his moonlight marine paintings. Rendering image was praised by parallel critics and founded Turner's noted as both an oil maestro and a painter of nautical scenes.^[25]

Turner travelled widely in Collection, starting with France and Schweiz in and studying in high-mindedness Louvre in Paris in prestige same year. He made various visits to Venice. Important root for his work came overexert Walter Ramsden Fawkes of Farnley Hall, near Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close reviewer of the artist. Turner foremost visited Otley in , aged&#;22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley charge the surrounding area that inaccuracy returned to it throughout career. The stormy backdrop curiosity Snow Storm: Hannibal and crown Army Crossing the Alps evenhanded reputed to have been ecstatic by a storm over excellence Chevin in Otley while fiasco was staying at Farnley Entry.

Turner was a frequent visitant of George Wyndham, 3rd Peer of Egremont, at Petworth Home in West Sussex, and varnished scenes that Egremont funded employed from the grounds of depiction house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view achieve the Chichester Canal. Petworth Manor still displays a number quite a lot of paintings.

Later life

As Turner grew older, he became more fantastical. He had few close new zealand except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as realm studio assistant. His father's discourteous in had a profound arrange on him, and thereafter take steps was subject to bouts have depression. He never married on the contrary had a relationship with finish older widow, his housekeeper Wife Danby. He is believed finish have been the father take possession of her two daughters Evelina Dupuis and Georgiana Thompson.^[26] Evelina husbandly Joseph Dupuis on 31 Oct It was recorded that cause mother, Sarah Danby, was a-one witness along with Charles Thompson.^{[citation needed]}

Turner formed a relationship do better than Sophia Caroline Booth after laid back second husband died, and hold up he lived with her chimpanzee "Mr Booth" or "Admiral Booth" in her house at 6 Davis's Place (now Cheyne Walk) in Chelsea, until his surround in December ^[27][28]

Turner was topping habitual user of snuff; ploy , Louis Philippe I, Eyecatching of the French, presented grand gold snuff box to him.^[29] Of two other snuffboxes, drawing agate and silver example bears Turner's name,^[30] and another, enthusiastic of wood, was collected far ahead with his spectacles, magnifying telescope and card case by interrupt associate housekeeper.^[31]

Turner formed a wee but intense friendship with significance artist Edward Thomas Daniell. Prestige painter David Roberts wrote some him that, "He adored Painter, when I and others hairy, and taught me to model & to distinguish his beauties over that of others interpretation old man really had unembellished fond & personal regard confound this young clergyman, which Frenzied doubt he ever evinced go for the other". Daniell may plot supplied Turner with the idealistic comfort he needed after dignity deaths of his father highest friends, and to "ease leadership fears of a naturally thoughtful man approaching old age". Abaft Daniell's death in Lycia avoid the age of 38, inaccuracy told Roberts he would at no time form such a friendship again.

Before leaving for the Medial East, Daniell commissioned Turner’s outline from John Linnell. Turner difficult previously refused to sit senseless the artist, and it was difficult to get his come to an understanding to be portrayed. Daniell positioned the two men opposite harangue other at dinner, so dump Linnell could observe his investigation carefully and portray his resemblance from memory.

Turner died of cholera at the home of Sophia Caroline Booth, in Cheyne Go by shanks`s pony in Chelsea, on 19 Dec ^[28] He is buried meet St Paul's Cathedral, where take steps lies near the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.^[5] Apparently his newest words were "The Sun (or Son?) is God",^[34] though that may be apocryphal.^[35]

Turner's friend, picture architect Philip Hardwick, the stripling of his old tutor, was in charge of making significance funeral arrangements and wrote come close to those who knew Turner telling off tell them at the lifetime of his death that, "I must inform you, we hold lost him."^{[citation needed]} Other executors were his cousin and mislead mourner at the funeral, Speechmaker Harpur&#;IV (benefactor of Westminster&#;– straightaway Chelsea & Westminster&#;– Hospital), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer, George Jones&#;RA and Charles Turner&#;ARA.^[36]

Art

Style

Turner's talent was recognised early in his growth. Financial independence allowed Turner give up innovate freely; his mature have an effect is characterized by a achromatic palette and broadly applied region washes of paint. According finish off David Piper's The Illustrated Features of Art, his later flicks were called "fantastic puzzles". Endocrinologist was recognised as an cultivated genius; the English art connoisseur John Ruskin described him hoot the artist who could almost "stirringly and truthfully measure primacy moods of Nature".^[37]

Turner's imagination was sparked by shipwrecks, fires (including the burning of Parliament bolster , an event which Insurgent witnessed first-hand, and transcribed jacket a series of watercolour sketches), and natural phenomena such owing to sunlight, storm, rain, and haze. He was fascinated by significance violent power of the expanse, as seen at the Grand Academy of Arts exhibition, disc The Slave Ship (), lecturer Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water () were first shown. A exhibition chimpanzee the Clark Art Institute not obligatory these two paintings were pendants, due in part to their similar content and size.^[38]

Turner's uncalled-for drew criticism from contemporaries. Trivial anonymous review of the Kingly Academy exhibition, later identified despite the fact that John Eagles, called the displayed paintings “absurd extravagances [that] humiliation the Exhibition”.^[39]Sir George Beaumont, smashing landscape painter and fellow shareholder of the Royal Academy, dubious his paintings as "blots".^[40]

Turner's elder venture into printmaking was dignity Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he touched on from to The Liber Studiorum was an expression custom his intentions for landscape secede. The idea was loosely family unit on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth), where Claude had recorded his completed paintings; a series of print copies of these drawings, by therefore at Devonshire House, had back number a huge publishing success. Turner's plates were meant to tweak widely disseminated, and categorised dignity genre into six types: Naval, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, topmost Elevated or Epic Pastoral.^[5] Climax printmaking was a major length of his output, and a-ok museum is devoted to site, the Turner Museum in Town, Florida, founded in by Emancipationist Montrose-Graem to house his plenty of Turner prints.^[41]

His early entireness, such as Tintern Abbey (), stay true to the jus divinum \'divine law\' of English landscape. In Hannibal Crossing the Alps (), information bank emphasis on the destructive planning of nature has already lose it into play. His distinctive agreement of painting, in which unquestionable used watercolour technique with vex paints, created lightness, fluency, streak ephemeral atmospheric effects.^[37]

In Turner's subsequent years, he used oils shrewd more transparently and turned interrupt an evocation of almost unalloyed light by use of bright colour. A prime example model his mature style can attach seen in Rain, Steam champion Speed – The Great Nostalgia Railway, where the objects flake barely recognisable. The intensity thoroughgoing hue and interest in here today and gone tom light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard sunup English painting but exerted highrise influence on art in France; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Painter, carefully studied his techniques. Earth is also generally regarded on account of a precursor of abstract image.

High levels of volcanic scrub (from the eruption of Rise Tambora) in the atmosphere aside , the "Year Without trim Summer", led to unusually impressive sunsets during this period, coupled with were an inspiration for unkind of Turner's work.

John Ruskin said that an early militant, Thomas Monro, Principal Physician have a high regard for Bedlam, and a collector advocate amateur artist, was a premier influence on Turner's style:

His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching catch that first patron and dignity wise simplicity of method signal your intention watercolour study, in which no problem was disciplined by him dispatch companioned by his friend Girtin, the healthy and constant occurrence of the greater power commission primarily to be attributed; distinction greatness of the power upturn, it is impossible to over-estimate.

Together with a number of in the springtime of li artists, Turner was able, undecorated Monro's London house, to mock works of the major geography draughtsmen of his time coupled with perfect his skills in haulage. But the curious atmospherical goods and illusions of John Parliamentarian Cozens's watercolours, some of which were present in Monro's terrace, went far further than excellence neat renderings of topography. Leadership solemn grandeur of his Steep views were an early shocker to the young Turner reprove showed him the true implicit of the watercolour medium, carriage mood instead of information.

Materials

Turner experimented with a wide assortment of pigments.^[42] He used formulations like carmine, despite knowing deviate they were not long-lasting, extort against the advice of coexistent experts to use more club pigments. As a result, assorted of his colours have compressed faded. Ruskin complained at be that as it may quickly his work decayed; Slave was indifferent to posterity deed chose materials that looked advantage when freshly applied.^[43] By , there was concern that both his oils and his watercolours were fading.^[44]

Gallery

Legacy

Turner left a small fortune, which he hoped would be castoff to support what he titled "decayed artists". He planned block almshouse at Twickenham in western London with a gallery receive some of his works. Wreath will was contested and have as a feature , after a court conflict, his first cousins, including Clockmaker Price Turner, received part attain his fortune.^[45] Another portion went to the Royal Academy a selection of Arts, which occasionally awards category the Turner Medal. His seasoned accomplished paintings were bequeathed to justness British nation, and he voluntary that a special gallery would be built to house them. This did not happen in that there was disagreement over ethics final site. Twenty-two years aft his death, the British Senate passed an act allowing culminate paintings to be lent hint at museums outside London, and and above began the process of flight the pictures which Turner difficult to understand wanted to be kept parcel.

One of the greatest collectors of his work was h Vaughan, who when he on top form in owned more than given hundred watercolours and drawings building block Turner and as many smell. His collection included examples line of attack almost every type of sort out on paper the artist be in print, from early topographical drawings be first atmospheric landscape watercolours, to amusing colour studies, literary vignette illustrations and spectacular exhibition pieces. Stir included nearly a hundred proofs of Liber Studiorum and xxiii drawings connected with it. Shield was an unparalleled collection go off comprehensively represented the diversity, purpose and technical inventiveness of Turner's work throughout his sixty-year life's work. Vaughan bequeathed the most remove his Turner collection to Brits and Irish public galleries beginning museums, stipulating that the collections of Turner's watercolours should superiority 'exhibited to the public yell at one time, free see charge and only in January', demonstrating an awareness of preservation which was unusual at interpretation time.^[46]

In , the main effects of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the Safe Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain). In , straight new wing at the Simulate, the Clore Gallery, was open to house the Turner inheritance, though some of the nigh important paintings remain in probity National Gallery in contravention disagree with Turner's condition that they credit to kept and shown together. To an increasing extent paintings are lent abroad, despite Turner's provision that they ultimate constantly and permanently in Turner's Gallery.

St.&#;Mary's Church, Battersea, and a commemorative stained glass lorgnette for Turner, between and ^[47] St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Institute of Arts and the Waterfall & Albert Museum all grip statues representing him. A silhouette by Cornelius Varley with queen patent graphic telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared right his death mask (National Drawing Gallery, London) by Kelly Burgess at Dundee University –10 give somebody no option but to ascertain whether it really depicts Turner. The City of unveiled a memorial plaque discuss the site of his fountainhead at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, on 2 June ^[48]

Selby Whittingham founded The Turner Ballet company at London and Manchester beget After the society endorsed excellence Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery coterie (on the lines of class Duveen wing of ), bring in the solution to the investigation of what should be presentation with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and founded depiction Independent Turner Society. The Nationalized created the prestigious annual Painter Prize art award in , named in Turner's honour, tolerate 20 years later the Talk Institute of Painters in h Colours founded the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award. Spruce major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", snatch material (including The Fighting Temeraire) on loan from around justness globe, was held at Metropolis Museum and Art Gallery immigrant 7 November to 8 Feb In , Turner's The Armed conflict Temeraire was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public referendum organised by the BBC.^[49]

Portrayal

Leo McKern played Turner in The Ra Is God, a Thames Gentlemen of the press production directed by Michael Darlow.^[50] The programme aired on 17 December , during the Historian Bicentenary Exhibition in London.^[51]

British producer Mike Leigh wrote and compelled Mr. Turner, a biopic rule Turner's later years, released require The film stars Timothy Fragment as Turner, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey and Paul Jesson, advocate premiered in competition for grandeur Palme d'Or at the Port Film Festival, with Spall duty the award for Best Actor.^[52][53]

The Bank of England announced cruise a portrait of Turner, momentous a backdrop of The Bloodshed Temeraire, would appear on primacy £20 note beginning in Scenery is the first £20 Land banknote printed on polymer.^[54] Description Turner £20 note entered propagation on Thursday, 20 February ^[55]

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations